Hillary Clinton Email Scandal

Hillary Clinton Email Scandal Hillary Clinton has been a topic of discussion for a while with the entire email scandal. Rumor has it she has been using a private email and has given out classified information on said email. The basis of the whole scandal lies on the question; should Hillary be searched and prosecuted for the emails? Hillary has been using a private email server for over 3 years without question. But suddenly with the election here she has begun to be questioned and has also been searched as shown by Patrick Howley The FBI has a search warrant for Clinton aide Huma Abedins laptop, obtained Sunday night after new emails surfaced in the law enforcement investigation of Abedins husband Anthony Weiner for allegedly sexting with a minor. so the FBI not only searched Hillarys laptop but also Abedins laptop. The FBI has found about five emails on Hillarys server that show classified information such as the location or travel plans for Libyan ambassador Chris Stevens who was killed in 2012. This is very suspicious because his killer knew exactly where he would be and the locations happen to be where he was going when he died. That sounds a bit suspect; why would she know the location of where he would eventually die? Clintons private email allowed her to communicate with many world leaders and to swap em ails with the Clinton foundation. Clintons partner, Huma Abedin, was nervous because in fact she was the one who came up with the idea of creating the private email server. This makes her a suspect if the investigation was ever brought into trial, who has to say that Hillary wont throw Abedin under the bus to save herself from prosecution? Even though Abedin was the one who came up with the idea she said she didnt know about it Huma Abedin later told the FBI that she didnt even know about Clintons private server when she was at the State Department, and Bryan Pagliano pleaded the Fifth(Patrick Howley). Clinton tried to cover up her story saying that her server was kept in the basement of her Chappaqua, New York home. But really, the server was stored at a Clinton-owned office in Midtown Manhattan, where it shared physical space with the Clinton Foundations server. Hillarys homebrew server was operating on the same email network as the Foundations server and the server for Chelsea Cl intons office. (Patrick Howley). It makes Hillary look bad because shes lying about her emails and where they were sent from. Its still unclear if she can be prosecuted but if she ever is they can use that against her, not helping her case. Hillary might be able to get charged with perjury and obstruction of justice for lying and making false statements to the government. This is why shes not fit to be president despite what all the supporters say. Hillary exposed confidential information, Hillary Clinton posted and shared the names of CIA-protected intelligence sources on her private email server, including a defense attachà © and other covert U.S. agents working on matters including Iran and the Taliban and Pakistan (Patrick Howley). This can very well secure the prosecution of Clinton, but why Clinton has not been prosecuted is puzzling. Her server contained five emails with exact locations of travel plans of Chris Stevens and the location of his murder by a 2012 Benghazi attack . Who knows if she was a part of the attack, but it is scary to think that is a possibility. In July, an FBI investigation concluded no reasonable prosecutor would bring a criminal case against Mrs. Clinton, but that she and her aides were extremely careless in their handling of classified information. (Anthony Zurcher). Clinton carelessness should make it possible for a prosecution because there is evidence that could be incriminating to her. The FBI surprised everyone, 11 days before the election, by announcing it was examining newly discovered emails sent or received by Hillary Clinton (Anthony Zurcher). These new emails may contain incriminating items but it is unknown because the government hasnt released any info about the emails. Although with incriminating statements by Clinton, the FBI director James Conrey stood by the statement saying that Clinton should not be prosecuted. Shortly before she was sworn in as secretary of state in 2009, Hillary Clinton set up an email server at her home in Chappaqua, New York. She then relied on this server, home to the email addres s [emailprotected], for all her electronic correspondence both work-related and personal during her four years in office (Anthony Zurcher). While Hillary was secretary of state, she sent or received 62,320 emails. 30490 of those are official but the other ones are not, what does this say about the other ones? Maybe the other emails have illegal information or are sent over her private email. Many of her private emails released to the public had information about the 2012 attack on the US consulate in Benghazi. Hillary has claimed that she had to use her private email for business related things although she never stated why. George W. Bush stated in Clintons defense that he as well used private emails while he was in office. The State Department inspector general report found that many of Mrs. Clintons predecessors including Mr. Powell were also not in compliance with federal recordkeeping requirements, although the rules governing their actions were less detailed when they were in office (Anthony Zurcher). Mr. Powell told Hillary to use private emails but stated that she should not use that email for private information or classified information. Hillary Clintons email controversy is older than her 2016 presidential campaign and its been forced into the headlines again Thursday and Friday when two top aides testify behind closed doors for a House committee(Eric Bradner). Even though the private email scandal is risky for her legally and it can affect her respect level, she said she used it for sole convenience purposes. The FBI believe that she didnt use them for convenience purposes but to have more control over the emails because the government emails that she was supposed to use were monitored. Clinton believes that it is just easier to use the private emails despite the consequences. Clinton got out of trouble because the FBI released information about Hillary knowing that she willingly sent emails that shared classified information. That was supposed to be kept classified but was not. But the Justice Departments investigation, the State Departments processing and release of her emails, a House panels separate investigat ion and dozens of impending lawsuits are weighing on the 2016 Democratic presidential front-runners campaign(Eric Bradner). Hillarys lawyers turned over about 55000 pages of emails found on her private email server to the State Department. Some of the emails were released under judges order. Even though her emails contained classified information, the government still has to deem them classified. But Clintons emails are being reviewed by a team of about 12 interagency officials, who are making recommendations on what should and shouldnt be classified(Eric Bradner).   Clinton has been called into a closed-door deposition by Trey Gowdy. Trey is a part of the house of Benghazi committee. This could be bad considering some of her emails had the travel plans and location of someones death in Benghazi. We do not know what happened in that deposition but it could not have gone badly because Hillary is still free. Clintons email server was run under Eric Hoteham which was a misspelled version of one of her former aids named Eric Hothem. Hillary used google as a backup server, which was traced by the government. The government found out about the emails through a Romanian hacker named Guccifer. President Barak Obama further signed an update to federal records stating that private emails are legal and can be used. Although he stated that they government further made it illegal to use private emails unless they forward or copy the emails to their government emails within twenty days of sending the emails. March 3, 2015 State Department spokeswoman Maria Harf says: [Theres] no indication that Secretary Clinton used her personal email account for anything but unclassified purposes While Secretary Clinton did not have a classified email system, she did have multiple other ways of communicating in a classified manner, including assistants printing documents for her, secure phone calls and secure vi deo conferences(Eric Bradner). This could very well further the investigation because they state that she used other forms of communication to spread classified information. So the FBI could look into her phone records and other forms of communication to potentially find incriminating information. Essentially, this scandal effects all of us because with the presidential election happening she could have become our president and with her on the verge of prosecution why would anyone want that type of person to be a leader of a country. Hillary has   not been publicly registered as the domain owner of the of the email server making her less responsible for her actions as said in the CNN news report. The FBI has stated that have been watching the scandal without involvement for awhile just waiting for Hillary to slip up, which she did to go investigate but when the investigation happened she was deemed being lawful and not breaking any rules so the prosecution is in a standstill waiting for something unlawful to air so that Clinton can be brought up on charges. The fact of the matter is CLinton did something suspicious and illegal and just because the president decided to change a rule last minute to save Hillary shouldnt be counted because before that rule change Clinton could have been prosecuted and brought into court but wasnt. Clinton is very lucky for Obama helping her and should count her blessings for the simple fact that she should be in brought into justice, this may be opinionated but maybe she wasnt prosecuted because she has connections in government and she is a part of a serious position that shes done so well. The government doesnt want to see her go because theyd have to find someone who might not be able to do it as well as her. The email scandal is a serious debate and should be looked into by the FBI. Due to the evidence I believe that Clinton should be prosecuted for her actions of sending classified information. All in all the case has been opened and hopefully will be closed soon with Clinton getting what she deserves. Works Cited Hillary Clinton Email Scandal Explained. Hillary Clinton Email Scandal Explained, Breitbart, 2017, www.breitbart.com/2016-presidential-race/2016/10/31/hillary-clinton-email-scandal-explained/. Accessed 3 Mar. 2017. Hillary Clinton Email Scandal Explained. Hillary Clinton Email Scandal Explained, Investors Business Daily, Inc, 20 Jan. 2017, www.investors.com/politics/editorials/hillary-clinton-email-scandal/. Accessed 3 Mar. 2017. Hillary Clinton emails whats it all about? Hillary Clinton emails whats it all about?, BBC News Services, 6 Nov. 2016, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-31806907. Accessed 3 march 2017. Hillary Clintons email controversy, explained. Hillary Clintons email controversy, explained, http://www.cnn.com/profiles/eric-bradner, 28 Oct. 2016, www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/hillary-clinton-email-controversy-explained-2016/. Accessed 3 Mar. 2017.

The Reflections Of Gore Vidal :: essays research papers fc

The Reflections of Gore Vidal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many people in today's society that would love to have their views published for the whole world to view, but few can match the wit and originality of Gore Vidal. Vidal is the author of many short stories, novels, playwrights, and movie scripts. Gore Vidal has been and continues to be an influential figure in American literature. One of Vidal's most effective strategies as a writer has been to make the public aware of his opinions through his very popular and controversial works. Gore Vidal is an opinionated man with strong beliefs on many aspects of modern American culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gore Vidal is a man who likes to provoke controversy. The works of Gore Vidal revolves around three main themes: human behavior, politics, and homosexuality. These are Vidal's favorite subjects to write about because they are all something he deals with every day of his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Readers of Gore Vidal should realize that he is out to shock the public with his beliefs, and he accomplishes this task quite well by being in favor of homosexuality. Gore Vidal sees nothing but positive outcomes should homosexuality become an accepted practice. According to American Writers 'The consequences of publishing a gay novel in 1948 were severe, and Vidal's literary career nearly ground to a premature halt'; (681). With the publication of The City and the Pillar, Vidal became ostracized by his fellow writers and the public as well. Homosexuality is not an accepted practice today by many, and since it was less common in 1948, some became enraged and refused to buy any of his work (681). For years Vidal could not sell anything because he had already been labeled as an advocate of homosexuality. In an interview with Salon, Vidal said that he thought that within the next century the government would encourage homosexuality to decrease the population (3). Gore Vidal believes that children are no longer needed and that they are only taking up valuable space in today's world (3). Mr. Vidal believes that by promoting Dunst 2 homosexuality the over crowding will cease to be a problem (3).He refuses to have children because he thinks he will only be adding to the world's population problem. ('Vidal, Gore'; 683) Vidal also sees the practice of homosexuality as a cure for sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. Vidal thinks that by eliminating all male and female intercourse the sexually tranmitted diseases will eventually cease to be passed on as he believes this is the safest form of sexual intercorse. (684)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Gore Vidal's more popular beliefs is that women should never be abused.

Physics of the Theremin Musical Instrument :: physics theremin

The theremin is an electronic musical instrument that is played using electrical fields. When it was first introduced, people were shocked to see this instrument that could be played without even touching it. The theremin unsually is tuned so that it has a range of three and a half octaves. The theremin's operation is based on the theory of beat frequencies. Two antennas stick out on each side. Usually a vertical antenna is located on the right which controls the pitch. The closer the players hand is, the higher the pitch. A horizontal loop antenna is located on the left and controls the volume. The closer the hand is, the louder the volume. Patented in 1928 by Leon Theremin, the theremin has not escaped its original status as a novelty instrument. Most people have heard the theremin, even though they may not recognize it. The theremin is a staple of sci-fi films, particularly classic ones. It is not as prominent today but it has featured in recent movies such as Mars Attacks and Ed Wood. The theremin was invented in 1921 by Leon Theremin (nee Lev Termen). It is one of the most important musical instruments of the twentieth century because it is the first electronic intsrument. Leon Theremin first came up with the idea for the theremin when in high school. He noticed depending on how close a person stands to a Tesla coil, the coil hums in different pitches. After its inveiling in 1921, Theremin toured his instrument around Russia, sparking the curiosity of almost everybody who saw it. The theremin made its way to America in 1928, where it gained more popularity. In 1929, RCA bought the rights to manufacture the instrument. Leon Theremin stayed in America, where he met Clara Rockmore, the theremin's first virtuoso. Theremin worked on many variations of his original instrument including the Terpsitone (controlled by the entire body), an electric cello, and a theremin controlled only by the eyes. In 1954 Robert Moog (famous for his synthesizers of the same name) started production of the theremin. His company, Big Briar Inc., still produces them today. It also produces kits for those who wish to build their own theremin. The popularity of the theremin started to rise again and it was included in several movies (The Day the Earth Stood Still, Spellbound, and Lost Weekend). The Beach Boys and Led Zeppelin both used it in their hit songs "Good Vibrations" and "Whole Lotta Love," respectively.

Nature Vs. Nurture in Sherri S. Teppers The Gate to Womens Country :: Psychology Tepper Gate Womens Essays

Nature Vs. Nurture in Sherri S. Tepper's The Gate to Womens Country Personality traits, are they learned or innate? Is it possible that once one is conceived his/her life and ways of communicating with other individuals are already set in stone and parents, environment, and peers have absolutely nothing to do with the ways in which one acts. Or could it be a combination of both genetics and learning? Reading The Gate to Womens Country by Sherri S. Tepper, I believe playing with the idea of learned or innate traits are the backbone for her novel. Knowing very well the nature vs. nurture perspective can be controversial to many, giving the reader an idea to ponder and debate. This novel is set in a time 300 years after a convulsion, a great war that was brought upon by men. It was men who were the diplomats and men who made the speeches about national pride and defenseand we died (pg. 301). The beginning of the novel starts out as a reflection and continues to be a reflection until the end, although the ways in which Tepper words happenings, put the reader in the moment so that he/she forgets they are reflecting and thinks that each happening is going on as you read, giving much more meaning to the piece. The reader is taken on a journey through the experiences of one girl from adolescence to adulthood, and as she comes to understand the way of life in Womens Country so do we the reader. Stavia (the main character) is reflecting everything that has made her who she is up to that point in her life. When Stavia was young the only worry she had to deal with was the coming and going of the male counterpart. Yes, it was a confusing emotional act at a young age, which would only become more confusing and emotional with age and wisdom. Stavia is a very intelligent, trustworthy, honorable, curious, open, loving girl, and to a point she conforms to the ways in which the council believes are appropriate. I believe the reason she is conforming is because either you agree with the council or you leave womens country. The councilwomen have worked to long and hard to have a revolting girl destroy what they have come to create and with high hopes of perfecting. In this novel there is a division of the two genders and they are put in their own communities, known as Womens Country and the Garrison, with the exception of few men who chose to return to Womens Country.

Filipinos Before the Spanish Era

Long before the Spaniards came, the Philippines was already inhabited by natives. And among the natives of the Island were the Negritos. Characteristically, the Negritoes were short and dark skinned people. They had curly hair, small nose and were thick-lipped. These natives were barely clothed as clothing for them consists of the bahag and a jacket-like upper for men. They wore neither shoes nor slippers but go about barefooted. Their women adorn themselves with ornaments while their men usually tattoo themselves.The natives of the Island lived in small huts more popularly known as bahay kubo. These small huts were usually made of bamboo and the roofs made of nipa, resources that are readily available and abundant in the Philippines. For their livelihood, the natives depended on fishing since the Philippines is mostly coastal. However, the natives also went hunting for food. This is because the Philippines is known for being rich in natural resources. Thus, food was never a problem for the natives as the island is abundantly endowed.Like any tribe or group of people, the natives were very communal and thus lived in small communities known as the balangay. Each balangay was headed by a leader called the datu or raj. The Datu or the Raj was usually a brave and respected leader who is expected to protect his community from outside attack. It is also the leader’s responsibility to maintain peace and order within the community. Thus, the Datu or the Raj resolves whenever conflicts arise between and among his constituents.This system is the earliest known form of government which has now been carried over to the present day Barangays. Even before the Spaniards came and who claimed to have civilized the inhabitants of the island, the natives were already literate and civilized people. Manifestations of their civilization and literacy can be seen from the rules that govern the balangay. And there have been many other indications especially in their communities that these natives were literate people.

Ethical Issues Surrounding Walmart

Ethical issues surrounding Wal-Mart Ronald L. Reeves Columbia Southern University Ethical issues surrounding Wal-Mart Sam Walton, founded Wal-Mart over forty years ago, where it started as a five-and-ten store in Bentonville, Arkansas (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Since then it has become one of the largest retail stores in the world, with an estimated annual sales of close to $300 billion (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). His business philosophy was to provide low prices to its customers everyday (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009).With such tremendous success in profits and growth, it has also brought many challenges relating to ethical issues in regards to; off-the-clock-work, sexual discrimination, health benefits, the role of unions, use of illegal aliens, and issues relating to child and labor laws. It is the intent of this case study to identify the ethical issues Wal-Mart has faced, as well as, discuss four questions of thought. Off-the-Clock-WorkFrom 2000 to 2007, Wal-Mart has been in cou rt facing numerous law suits, in which they have paid out millions of dollars, for violation of laws surrounding non-payment of overtime compensation to its employees (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Several employees claimed that managers required them to work off the clock by requiring them to work after punching out their time card (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). If the employee refused to work after their shift and off the clock, then they would be threatened with termination of employment.One of the many complaints include the use of â€Å"lock-ins† (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). According to Stanwick and Stanwick (2009) they stated, â€Å"Managers would lock the doors after the store had closed and would force the workers to stay in the store until all the work had been completed† (p. 410). Employees were also told that if they could not complete their assigned work in their eight hour shift, that they would have to remain at work, off the clock, until their work was comp lete.It was evident that the mangers had no respect or appreciation for the employees, who should have been valued as stakeholders that contributed to the success of the store. Sexual Discrimination In 2001, Wal-Mart faced a lawsuit with regards to sexual discrimination for not promoting women to managerial positions and for not paying them a wage equivalent to what the male employees were making (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Some of the facts that supported the lawsuit include; 65% of the hourly employees and 33% of the managers were women, and on average women received 6. % less in wages than their male counterparts received (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). One example of discrimination included a female employe being told that a man was promoted over her, who was qualified, because the man had to support his family (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Another example of discrimination was when a women was told that a man was paid more becauase according to the Bible, Adam came before Eve. The managers involved in these and other sexual discrimination cases included in this lawsuit made poor ethical decsions by discriminating against its female employees.Health Benefits Stanwick and Stanwick (2009) mentioned, â€Å"In 2003 Wal-Mart’s policy of lower costs in every part of its operation was highlighted based on the type of health benefits that it offered to its employees† (p. 413). New employees had to wait six months before being eligible for the health care benefit, and retirees were not allowed to keep their benefit (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Wal-Mart’s payout for employee healthcare benefits in 2002, were 40% lower than the average that all companies in the U. S. ere paying and 30% less than their competive retailers (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). In an effort to keep health care costs down, Wal-Mart recommended to the board of directors that it should hire more part time employees and try to discourage unhealthy employees by requiring all employe e’s responsibilities to include some type of physical activity (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). It is evident that Wal-Mart’s board of directors and upper management were more concerned with profit than the welfare of the employees. The Role of the UnionsIn an effort to keep low prices for its customers, Wal-Mart kept its labor cost low (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). There has been a constant battle between Wal-Mart and its employees, who wanted to create a union. The purpose of the union was to ensure that employees, who were members of the union, would receive a wage that was competitive to others in the workforce. Stanwick and Stanwick (2009) stated, â€Å"In 2002 a comparison of wages for unionized workers and Wal-Mart employees showed that unionized Kroger employees would get four to five dollars an hour more than the Wal-Mart employees† (pgs. 15-416). It was discovered that Wal-Mart would discourage employees from forming unions, by firing those that promoted it (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Of the contrary, the Wal-Marts in China were allowed to have unions, as they received pressure from the All-China Federation of Trade Unions which is belived to be apart of Chinese Communist Government (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Use of Illegal Aliens In an efforet to keep their costs low everyday for its customers, Wal-Mart used a campaign slogan of â€Å"Roll Back the Prices,† but agian it came at the sacrifices of its employees.Wal-Mart outsourced to third party contractors to hire janitors to clean its stores afterhours (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). To keep cost down, these third party contractors, with Wal-Mart’s knowledge, hired illegal aliens to clean the stores afterhours (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). This was discovered after federal agents, from the Immigration Servive, raided sixty Wal-Mart stores in an operations called â€Å"Operation Rollback,† in 2003 (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009).As a result of the raid, more than 250 i llegal aliens were arrested, and Wal-Mart faced thiteen felony indictments and paid $5 million dollars in fines (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Some of the illegal aliens also filed lawsuits that claimed they were forced to work every night and did not receive compensation for overtime (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). This was not only a violation of federal law, it also showed a lack of the citizenship principle where every employee should respect the law (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009).Child and other Labor Laws From 2000-2005, Wal-Mart was faced with fines and lawsuits pertaining to violations of child and labor laws. It was identified by audits, that employees under the age of eighteen were working past midnight, working during school hours, and working more than eight hours a day (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Discovered were employees under the age of eighteen operating machinery that was dangerous, which included chainsaws and cardboard balers (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009).Also, exposed wer e employees who were not taking their breaks or given time off for a meal period (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Questions for Thought 1. Are the ethical issues Wal-Mart faces really any different from other large retailers? I don’t think the ethical issues facing Wal-Mart are any different than that of its competitors. I do believe though that since Wal-Mart is considered the largest retailer and it promises to keep the lowest prices everyday for its customers that they are misusing the reliability principle of taking care of its employees.Stanwick and Stanwick (2009) stated, â€Å"Traditional violations of the reliability principle would include breaching a promise or contract or not fulfilling a promised action† (p. 9). An example of this is when Wal-Mart managers did not pay their employees for working overtime. 2. Wal-Mart officials have stated that they don’t feel women are interested in management positions at the company. Do you agree or disagree? I disagre e. Based on the case study, it seems to me that women are discouraged from seeking positions in management through sexual discrimination.If women were not oppressed by comments such as a man needing the promotion over a qualified woman because he needed to support his family, or that a man works at Wal-Mart for a career and women do not, then they may feel more competitive for managerial positions (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Wal-Mart’s managers in this case demonstrated a failure in the dignity principle by not respecting all of its employees (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). 3. Wal-Mart is continually criticized for its health care policy. Is this really and ethical issue?Why or why not? I do not think that Wal-Mart’s health care policy is unethical and meets the requirement of the fairness principle. Of the four types of fairness’s: reciprocal, distributive, fair competition, and procedural fairness, they demonstrate the distributive fairness (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). They do provide both part time and full time employees with a choice to enroll in its health care policy and at different levels of coverage (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). The also have provided a health savings account for its employees.Stanwick and Stanwick (2009) stated, â€Å"In a Wal-Mart survey of 220,000 employees, it was found that 90% were covered using Wal-Mart’s health insurance† (p. 415). The 10% that did not have their insurance were either covered under their spouse’s insurance, insured by Medicaid, or through a military health insurance plan (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). 4. Should Wal-Mart be concerned about unionization of stores since allowing unionization of workers in China? Wal-Mart should be concerned about unionization in stores outside of China, as they have allowed it in China.This is a double standard that is not fair to the other Wal-Mart employees throughout the world. The case study identified that employees who were in favor of a union were either discouraged or terminated (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). The National Labor Relations Board, ordered Wal-Mart in 2003 to negotiate with former employees of the meat market, whom formed a union, to bring back the meat department that was originally closed when the employees formed a union (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009).This thought encompasses the values of the fairness principle, with regards to the reciprocal fairness (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Wal-Mart should address the thought of a union fairly as the employees seek a way to have competitive wages. Conclusion While Wal-Mart is considered to be one of the highest grossing retailers in the world, which strives to offer the lowest prices everyday to its customers, it has done so by adversely affecting their employees.The management’s efforts to keep prices down resulted in poor ethical choices which resulted in employees being forced to work beyond their normal working hours and not be compensated for their overtime. In addition, many employees were forced to work during their breaks or denied mealtime breaks, in which they were not compensated for either. Sexual discrimination was also an issue, as women were discouraged or discriminated against for seeking management level positions.Although Wal-Mart did offer health benefits to its employees, they were questionable and came at a high cost for low paid employees. Wal-Mart also set a double standard by allowing its stores in China to have a union, while it discouraged or terminated employees in other parts of the world who were in favor of developing a union. Child labor laws were another issue for Wal-Mart, as they required employees under the age of eighteen to work late at night, working during school hours, working more than eight hours a day, and operating dangerous equipment in some of its stores.The results of their unethical acts and violations of federal laws, has caused Wal-Mart to review its policies and identify ways to im prove its ethical principles concerning the treatment of its employees. Stanwick and Stanwick (2009) mentioned, â€Å"The managers at Wal-Mart agreed to meet with the ten rank-and-file workers every week from each of its 4,000 stores to get employee feedback† (p. 419). This program that Wal-Mart created is called â€Å"Associates out Front† (Stanwick & Stanwick, 2009). Reference Stanwick, P. A. , & Stanwick, S. D. (2009). Understanding business ethics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall.

Concept of eco-city

The following new moving ridge in metropolis planning is â€Å" Eco-City † in response to planetary clime alterations crisis. It is a comparatively new construct, uniting together thoughts from several subjects such as urban design, urban planning, transit, wellness, lodging, energy, economic development, natural home grounds, public engagement, and societal justness ( Register 1994 ) . In simple word, Eco-city is colony where it allows the citizen to populate and work utilizing minimal resources. As metropoliss continue to turn and population addition quickly, the demands for sustainable signifier of development become increasing pressing. The hunt for appropriate solution and to make more sustainable metropoliss has become the chief concerns of interior decorator, policy shapers and environmental groups. The locations, types of edifices and substructure have direct impacts on its environment, economic system and society. As metropolis continue to turn and alters over a periods of clip, it is hard to alter after inhabitancy and building. So, interior decorators are seeking to avoid that jobs and prefer a new, maestro planned eco-cities. They argue that new eco-cities can to the full incorporate sustainable constructs of urban be aftering rule to make sustainable life environment as we go along with retrofitting bing metropoliss. The maestro program eco-city will be built utilizing all the latest green engineerings. But there people who oppose eco-city construct and called it a Utopian metropolis. But is eco-city truly executable or is it Utopian construct? To to the full understand, beginning of eco-city construct will be analysed. Eco-city originated in 1975 when Richard registry and few friends founded Urban Ecology in Berkeley, California, as Non-profit administration to do reinforced our metropoliss in balance with nature. Harmonizing to Register ( 1994 ) , the intent of urban ecology was to construct in Berkeley a â€Å" slow street † which is to hold many trees along route, solar green houses, energy regulation, set up good and efficient public conveyance, advancing pedestrainization as alternate to automobile, keeping regular conference meeting with different interest holder. But it was until the publications of Register ‘s airy new book called Eco-city Berkeley in 1987, that the urban ecology gained impulse ( Roseland, 2001 ) . And the administration ‘s new diary called The Urban Ecologist. The administration held First International Eco-City Conference, in Berkeley in 1990 and of all time since it held conference every twelvemonth ask foring people from around the universe to discourse urban jobs and to subject proposal for planing our metropoliss based on ecological rules. In 1992, David Engwicht, an Australian community militant, published Towards an Eco-City, in which he talks about how metropolis contrivers and applied scientists have virtually eliminated effectual human interaction by edifices more roads, shopping promenades, gutting communities and increasing dense traffic. For Engwicht, a metropolis is a topographic point for innovations of maximising interchanging and holding minimized travel distance. The book was subsequently reissued in North America as Reclaiming Our Cities and Towns ( 1993 ) . Engwicht negotiations about how metropolis contrivers and applied scientists have eliminated effectual human exchange by constructing more roads, taking commercialism out of the metropoliss into strip promenades, gutting communities, and increasing traffic human deaths. A metropolis is an innovation for maximising exchange and minimising travel ( Engwicht, 1993 ) . He advocates eco-city where there is dealing of all kinds of goods, money, thoughts, em otions, familial stuff, etc and where people move freely via pes, bikes, and mass theodolite and interact freely without fright of traffic and pollutions. But it was until the 1960 ‘s, the usage of fossil fuels, chemically controlled agribusiness, deforestation and depletion of marine resources was thought to be non in dangers. In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development ( the Brundtland Commission ) , released a drumhead study called â€Å" our Common Future † which cause widespread concerns on universe intensifying environmental debasement ( WCED 1987 ) . And this pushed sustainable development on the head. Assorted industries and sector are besides traveling for sustainable development. The issue of sustainable planning is besides a concern for contriver, urban interior decorator, building industries, development authorization and the population at big. Register, Engwicht and Urban Ecology surely deserve recognition for popularising the term â€Å" eco-city † in the last decennary, but the eco-city construct is strongly influenced by other motions as good ( Roseland, 2001 ) . The mission of Urban Ecology is to make ecological metropoliss based on the following 10 rules ( Urban Ecology 1996 ) :Revise land-use precedences to make compact, diverse, green, safe, pleasant, and critical mixed-use communities near theodolite nodes and other transit installations.Revise transit precedences to favor pes, bike, cart, and theodolite over cars, and to stress â€Å" entree by propinquity. †Restore damaged urban environments, particularly creeks, shore lines, ridgelines, and wetlands.Create decent, low-cost, safe, convenient, and racially and economically assorted lodging.Nurture societal justness and create improved chances for adult females, people of colour, and the handicapped.Support local agribusiness, urban greening undertaki ngs, and community horticulture.Promote recycling, advanced appropriate engineering, and resource preservation while cut downing pollution and risky wastes.Work with concerns to back up ecologically sound economic activity while detering pollution, waste, and the usage and production of risky stuffs.Promote voluntary simpleness and deter inordinate ingestion of material goods.Increase consciousness of the local environment and bioregion through militant and educational undertakings that increase public consciousness of ecological sustainability issues.The practical application of these rules has non been truly promoting for many old ages until literature that promotes the thoughts began to look. It appears in different nomenclature as per the orientations of the writers. The Authors include Designers, Practitioners, Visionaries and Activists, and the nomenclature includes everything from neotraditional town planning, prosaic pockets, reurbanization, post-industrial suburbs, sustaina ble metropoliss, green metropoliss and eco-communities. Although, the writers ‘ orientation has discernable differences in analysis, accent, and scheme between the fluctuations as shown in table-1, the â€Å" eco-city † subject can embrace any and all of them. The term eco-city can be applied to bing eco-city or maestro program eco-city as affirm by Register ‘s when he explains that â€Å" there are two ways to travel about constructing eco-cities: altering bing towns or constructing new 1s † ( Register 1987 ) . Citizen organisations and municipal functionaries in metropoliss and towns around the universe have late started experimenting on this eco-city construct to run into the societal and environmental challenges ( Roseland 1997, 1998 ) . There is a pressing realisation that Urban planning is a important direction tool for covering with the sustainable urbanisation challenges confronting twenty-first century metropoliss. Many metropoliss has applied eco-city planning construct although most of them in little graduated table. Chattanooga and the San Francisco Bay Area in the U.S. , Ottawa, Hamilton-Wentworth, and Greater Toronto in Canada, and Curitiba in Brazil are some of the earliest metropoliss where this construct has been successfully applied. Curitiba, a little Brazilian metropolis, is one of the most sustainable metropoliss in the universe. It has received international acknowledgment for its incorporate transit and land-use planning, and for its waste direction plans. The metropolis ‘s success is due to strong leadership-city functionaries who focused on simple, flexible, and low-cost solutions. Throughout the undertaking, the authorities conducted regular meeting with citizen so that citizen are involved in the procedure ( Rabinovitch 1996 ) . Emboldened by the success of the above undertakings, Designer and local authorities are be aftering for monolithic inspection and repair of traditional manner of metropolis planning. They are looking at a manner to be after new metropoliss integrating the full above construct. China, one of the universe most thickly settled states in the universe, faced monolithic environmental job. It has emerged as major industrial power but at a great cost. The environment debasement is so terrible that it is a cause for concern in China and could hold international reverberations. Since pollution know no boundaries. Sulphur dioxide and N oxides produce by China ‘s coal-burning power workss fall as acerb rain on Seoul, South Korea, and Tokyo. Suspended particulate over Los Angeles metropolis originates in China, harmonizing to the Journal of Geophysical Research ( Kahn and Yardley 2007 ) . The Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation ( SIIC ) hired Arup in 2005, to plan a metropolis which would entirely utilize sustainable energy ( solar panels, air current turbines and bio-fuels ) , self-sufficing and cut down energy ingestion by 66 % in comparision to Shanghai. The eco-city of Dongtan, which is be located on the island of Chongming, non far from Shanghai will be one of the universe largest eco-city to supply lodging for 500,000 people from rural countries. The Dongtan metropolis will cover about 8,800 hectares which is approximately equal to the size of Manhattan Island. Dongtan will hold ecological footmark of 2.2 hour angles per individual by agencies of a combination of behaviour alteration and energy efficiency which is really close to bound of sustainability of 1.9 hour angle set Forth by World Wide Fund for Nature. China is besides partnering with Singapore to construct eco-city in Tianjin based on three harmoniousnesss rules which are people-people, people-environment and people-economy ( Quek 2008 ) . The 30-square-kilometer site is a otiose land and H2O scarceness country which will be built over a period of 15 old ages at a cost of around 50 billion kwais ( S $ 10 billion ) . The standard for choice of site are that it should be wasted land and H2O scarce country. First, reconstructing the jiyun river will be top precedence for propose new metropolis of 350,000. Renewable energy like solar and wind power, rainwater harvest home, effluent intervention and desalinization of sea H2O are some of the proposal. United Arab Emirates has planned to construct the universe ‘s most sustainable metropolis, called Masdar City, enterprises of Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company. It is an ambitious undertaking which will be $ 22 billion to construct a new, zero-emissions metropolis for 50,000 occupants in Abu Dhabi. The undertaking is launched in 2007 and is designed by British house Foster + Partners. The propose new metropolis will hold new university, the Headquarters for Abu Dhabi ‘s Future Energy Company, particular economic zones and an Innovation Center. Harmonizing to the interior decorator, Masdar eco-city is to be constructed in an energy efficient manner that depends on big photovoltaic power works to run into energy demands, which shall be for 2nd stage of the metropolis enlargement. The metropolis is a auto free, with a maximal walk-to distance of 200m to the nearest conveyance nexus and comfortss. The streets are compact to promote walking and are complemented by a individualiz ed rapid conveyance system. Due to it concentration, the paseo and streets are shaded making a pedestrian-friendly environment. The metropolis will hold air current, photovoltaic farms, research Fieldss and plantations, so that it is wholly self-sufficient. Masdar City will be built in seven stages, the first of which is the Masdar Institute, which is set to be completed in 2010. The metropolis ‘s stages will be increasingly built over the following decennary with the first stage making completion in 2013 ( Foster and Partner ) . The thought of a metropolis without any waste, landfill, auto, ego contained or without any C emanation seem really desirable for a metropolis but for some sceptic it a Utopian dream which will ne'er happen. Skeptics are oppugning whether wholly planing a new metropolis is possible integrating all the eco-city constructs due to clip and cost involved. The chief failing for maestro program eco-city is the big inputs of energy required to build an full, functional metropolis as a long uninterrupted undertaking. They are concern that it might merely be a scheme used to screen from environmental unfavorable judgment while states like China and UAE continue to turn along the same unsustainable way. However, states like China and UAE are in a place to fund such sort of undertakings and if it is successful it will make a case in point for other parts of the universe every bit good. Unfortunately, Dongtan eco-city ne'er materialise. Although, the highest echelon in Chinese functionary expresses has shown acute involvement in the undertaking, the first stage of building which is to be ready for Shanghai exhibition 2010 has non even started. The Dongtan eco-city in malice of being a authorities enterprise has failed to happen. The Mayor of Shanghai has been sentence to 18 old ages jail term on corruptness charges and maltreatment of power in 2008 ( Larson 2009 ) . Skeptics of eco-city are stating that policy shapers in China misuse the term of eco-city, to cut down unfavorable judgment of China ‘s hapless environment records without holding any existent committedness to the thought. As for Masdar eco-city, work has already started for stage 1. However, skeptics are concern that it might be merely an stray viridity in the desert where the remainder of UAE proceed in the same line of large ecological footmark which is even bigger than United State. They are besides discerning about the corporal energy used in edifices and substructure which are really high. The heavy dependant on engineering for personal rapid conveyance and substructure is another issue. Since the engineering for personal rapid conveyance is non to the full developed and co-ordinating substructure with different bureaus is hard. The construct of constructing a metropolis from a abrasion or retrofitting bing edifice or redeveloping bing metropolis are some of the combustion issues. Planing a new metropolis from abrasion permits a greater comprehensive, whole systems attack, and more grades of freedom than version of an bing metropolis ( Fox 2008 ) . On the other manus, the resources and energy needed for new building of a metropolis will be far greater than redeveloping an bing metropolis. However, the beliefs and motion toward eco-cities has spread worldwide and has taken strong clasp among contriver. In malice of reverse for some undertaking, eco-city has will be chief driving force for today metropoliss and tomorrow metropoliss. Eco-cities can be built on bing eco-cities or new maestro program eco-city. Most propose maestro program eco-city is to be developed in several phases in the following 15 to forty old ages. Some of the relevant issue for Eco-city planning construct for developing new metropolis or accommodating for bing metropoliss are as follow:Eco-city is based on holistic attack. This incorporate attack is hindered by disconnected administrative constructions, political competitions and a neglect for citizen expertness. As in Dongtan instance, the surrounding dwellers are non even consulted and non cognizant of the undertakings.Eco-city construct is non truly encouraged by policy shapers and contriver as there are leery of the purpose as it involve alternate ways of decision-making ( e.g. community engagement ) , the execution of new engineerings ( e.g. like Personal rapid theodolite for Masdar or energy coevals ) and new organizational solutions ( e.g. multiple usage ) . The extra costs involved and loss of influence are some of their chief concerns.Eco-city construct may neglect due to miss of political will and committednesss on the portion of everyone involved.The Initial investi ngs are really high compared to traditional attack to be aftering which can scarce possible investor.However, for successful execution of eco-city, committedness from single or Party involved is paramount. Vision, aspiration and believing large in long term are some of the necessary demand. Besides, there has to be free flow of information and trust between the policy shaper and non-policy shaper. There has to be creative activity of win-win state of affairs for everyone to do it successful. There has to be via media in difference of sentiment and integrity of confederation. A series of challenges exist for developing metropoliss in many portion of the universe, peculiarly in developing states where rapid economic development will set force per unit area on metropoliss to suit lifting population and more substructures. It is the topographic point where following megacities are coming up. The interior decorator, public policy shaper are committed to developing eco-cities and other types of sustainable communities in the face of clime alteration, environmental pollution, H2O deficit, and energy demand. Today utopia ‘s vision can go tomorrow world. Many of the sustainable metropolis stress on compact land usage, clean conveyance, waste direction, renewable energy ( wind turbines and solar energy ) . Most of eco-city program are immense and need long term investings. But should we turn away from Utopian visions they provoke? Planing wholly new metropoliss is expensive, and it is non possible to construct all new metropoliss. However, we can endeavor to better bing metropoliss when there is an copiousness of already established metropoliss and urban countries. In my sentiment, I think we should encompass them and work towards seeking for bettering them. Possibly, the graduated tables of new maestro eco-city undertaking demand to be smaller so as to hold short building clip and less dearly-won. Someday the impressive catch phrases, such as â€Å" carbon-neutral † , â€Å" zero-waste † , and â€Å" car-free † for a metropolis might be world.MentionDaly, H. 1973. Toward a Steady-State Economy, Freeman, San Francisco ( 1973 ) .McDonnell, M.J. , Hahs, A.K. , Breuste, J.H. 2009, Ecology of a metropoliss and towns: A comparative attack. Cambridge University Press 200 9.Rabinovitch, J. 1996. Integrated transit and land usage planning channel Curitiba ‘s growing. In World Resources Institute, United Nations Environment Program, United Nations Development Program, The World Bank, World Resources 1996-97: The Urban Environment. New York: Oxford University Press.Roseland, M. , 2001, The eco-city attack to sustainable development in urban countries. In: Devuyst D, Hens L, De Lannoy W ( explosive detection systems ) . How green is the metropolis? Sustainability appraisal and the direction of urban environments. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 85-104.Register, R. 1987. Eco-City Berkeley: Building Cities for a Healthy Future. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.Register, R. 1994. Eco-cities: Rebuilding civilisation, reconstructing nature. In D. Aberley, ed. , Futures By Design: The Practice of Ecological Planning. Gabriola Island, B.C. : New Society Publishers.Roseland, M. 1995. Sustainable communities: An scrutiny of the literature. † In Sustainable Communities Resource Package. Toronto: Ontario Round Table on the Environment and the Economy.Roseland, M. 1997. Dimensions of the eco-city. City: The International Journal of Urban Policy and Planing 14,4: 197-202.Roseland, M. , erectile dysfunction. 1997. Eco-City Dimensions: Healthy Communities, Healthy Planet. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.Roseland, M. 1998. Toward Sustainable Communities, ResourcesRoseland, M. , â€Å" Sustainable Community Development: Integrating Environmental, Economic, and Social Objectives, † Progress in Planning, Volume 54 ( 2 ) , October 2000, pp. 73-132.Roseland, M. , Dimension of the eco-city, Cities, Volume 14, Issue 4, August 1997, Pages 197-202Resilience Alliance ( 2007 ) A research prospectus for urban resiliency. A resiliency confederation enterprise for transitioning urban systems towards sustainable hereafters. Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www. resalliance.org/files/1172764197_urbanresiliencere searchprospe ctusv7feb07.pdf accessed on 29 March 2010Kenworthy, J.R. , The eco-city: 10 cardinal conveyance and planning dimensions for sustainable metropolis development, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 18, No. 1, 67-85 ( 2006 )World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future. , Oxford University Press, New York ( 1987 ) .Dongtan, An Eco-City, edited by Zhao Yan, Herbert Girardet, et was published by Arup and SIIC in February 2006.UN HABITAT, Planning Sustainable Cities: Policy waies. Global Report on Human Settlements 2009. Abridged edition. Gutenberg Press, Malta. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2009. Accessed on 2 March 2010Kahn, J and Yardley, J. As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes. The New York Times. August 26, 2007. Available on hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/world/asia/26china.html Accessed on 27 March 2010Dongtan: The un iverse ‘s first large-scale eco-city? Available on hypertext transfer protocol: //sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/dongtan-the-world-s-first-large-scale-eco-cityQuek, Tracy, S'pore, China interruption land, straits times, China Correspondent. Sep 29, 2008. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/World/Story/STIStory_283867.html. Accessed on 27 March 2010Larson, Christina. China ‘s Grand Plans for Eco-Cities Now Lie Abandoned. Yale e360. 06 Apr 2009. Available on hypertext transfer protocol: //e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp? id=2138. Accessed on 28 March 2010Fox, Jesse. â€Å" Ecocities of Tomorrow: Can Foster + Partners ‘ Masdar City in the U.A.E. be Truly sustainable? † . Treehugger. March 4, 2008. Available on hypertext transfer protocol: //www.treehugger.com/files/2008/03/masdar-roundtable.php. Accessed on 29 March 2010Richard Register – Writer, theoretician, philosopher and 35 twelvemonth veteran of the ecocity motion. Founder of Ecocity Builders and Urban Ecology, and writer of Ecocities: Rebuilding Cities in Balance with Nature.