Almost. Maine Test (Play) Essay

True or False: 1) Phil and Marci are married. 2) The setting for the play is Eastport, Maine. 3) Steve is Marvayln’s boyfriend. 4) Randy and Chad are a couple. 5) Gayle and Lendall are married. 6) Rhonda and Dave went snowmobiling. 7) Pete is left alone at the end of the play. 8) Jimmy is Sandrine’s ex-boyfriend. 9) Chad works as the mill. 10) Randy’s ex-girlfriend’s face broke while they were dancing. Multiple Choice: 11) What is Marvalyn doing in the beginning of her scene? a) Washing dishes b) Folding clothes c) Ironing clothes d) Reading a book 12) What is inside the tiny bag that Lendall gives to Gayle? a) Chocolate b) A ring c) Flower d) A card 13) Where does Marci’s second shoe come from? a) The sky b) Phil finds the shoe for her c) Under the bench d) The car 14) What is Danny’s wife’s name? a) Ginette b) Hope c) Suzette d) Glory 15) Why is Sandrine at the Moose Paddy? a) She is a waitress there b) She came to meet Jimmy c) She is there for her bachelorette party d) For a drink 16) Dave and Rhonda are ____________: a) Brother and sister b) Married c) Boyfriend and girlfriend d) Friends 17) The waitress’s name at the Moose Paddy is __________: a) Sandrine b) Villian c) Hope d) Marci 18) All of these characters are in the play Almost, Maine except ________: a) Sandrine b) Pete c) Michael d) East 19) Jimmy’s tattoo says _________: a) Sandrine b) Villain c) Waitress d) Villian 20) Where does Hope take a taxi from? a) Boston b) Baltimore c) Bangor d) Easton

Blue Collar Jobs Essay

In the current economic situation in the U.S, graduating high school and going off to college for a degree has pretty much become the goal for most of the students here in the United States. According to the Institute of Education Sciences, studies have shown that between 1999 and 2009, the number of students in the United States perusing a degree in college full time has risen by almost 45% while part time students increased by 28%. With the vast expanding number of students, the number of job openings for these certain fields are simply not enough to provide every graduate with a job. Because of this problem the unemployment rates are staggeringly high here in the United States which includes the 44% those coming out of college. (Rampell) Take Kyle Bishop for example. Currently 24, he has been waiting tables, delivering beer, and working at a bookstore since 2009 when he graduated from the University of Pittsburgh. (Rampell) Stories like this arise every day and only more appear. It will eventually affect future college students pursuing a degree and those who return to study to obtain a degree. Despite these stories however, many companies have been seeking employees to fill up positions for months to years. Many of these jobs have included machinist, welder, and many more in manufacturing, hence blue collar jobs. Now you may be thinking, how can companies not fill up position for manual labor? But with the pace of the advancement of technology in modern society, machinery has become more complicated and requires a higher skill cap to use compared to before while the number of workers with the skill to operate them has been dwindling. In the North Dakota oil fields, there is a 30% shortage of petroleum engineers and a 10% shortage of machinists that the companies simply cannot find enough workers with the skillsets to fill up these positions. According to news article from the Dallas Morning News the workforce is very skilled but they’re mostly people with experience who are soon to retire. It seems like jobs can’t be found without experience and experience can’t be gained without a job however, many say vocational school may become a solution. Students will be able to gain experience by learning about certain jobs in the field and acquiring the skills required without the need of actually finding a job. More people would become qualified to take over the empty positions and those soon to be empty as people begin to retire and more skilled workers join the workforce which could ease the unemployment rates. Every move made can affect the future of the United States economy and the future workers. Education is certainly very important but obtaining skills to work certain jobs is probably one of the most important factors in getting a job.

Discussion on Various Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discussion on Various Articles - Essay Example The article is about the comparison between two mythical characters named Adam and Adapa that came from near East culture. They were both part of stories about the origin of men. They both failed to gain immortality, but in different ways (Hess 1994, p. 35). Adam did not gain immortality because of his disobedience while Adapa lacked the access to immortality because of his faithfulness to the choice of his father named Ea, the God of Wisdom. Other parallels had been seen by Andreasen between the two as Adapa was shown to follow wisdom while Adam was more of self-follower. They were both challenged by the gods, failed the test, and gave serious consequence to humanity. Their names were also related based on the phonetics (Walton 1989, p. 64). They differ in terms of views on men as Mesopotamian view which is in the character that shows nobility and respect to the gods while Adam showed the opposite which is being sinful. Discussion 2 The Song of Songs is considered to be written by S olomon and a part of the Bible in the Judeo-Christian tradition. It has been studied by various scholars across centuries as the contents are subjected to various interpretations. The contents may be interpreted literally or they may convey deeper meanings in life. People may argue that the verses contain eroticism about the discovery of love and sexuality between a man and woman from adolescence to adulthood. It involves figures that may be considered taboo if people relate them to sexuality (Marieselvam 1987, p. 31). It may be found to be contradicting the teachings of the Christian Church if interpreted literally. For Christians, it is about the relationship between Jesus and the Church as the groom and bride. They talk about the so-called agape or selfless love. Some sexual involvement may be seen but it is part of the love within marriage which is actually a giving and receiving relationship (Hunt 2008, p. 21). Likewise, interpretation truly makes Song of Songs erotic and holy at the same time. It is considered holy in the lines â€Å"My beloved is all radiant and ruddy, distinguished among ten thousand,† (Songs 5:10) and â€Å"Look, it is the litter of Solomon! Around it are sixty mighty men of the mighty men of Israel,† (Songs 3:7). They talk about the coming of the Messiah in the person of Christ who is a descendant of David. In terms of eroticism, Song of Songs should be interpreted literally as â€Å"Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth,† (Songs 1:2a) and â€Å"for your lovemaking is better than wine,† (Songs 1:2b). The last two quoted lines showed the acts done by lovers and compared to the taste of wine. Discussion 3 The tale that the author read in Arabian Nights is Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves. It is comparable to another famous Arabian Nights story entitled Aladdin. They are both famous tales from the Middle East which are mostly occupied by Muslims. Their common setting shows palace in the deserts as Arab c ountries are located in those hot dry areas. â€Å"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves† follows the story of a son of a merchant and his brother being left behind after the death of their father. Cassim, the brother of Ali Baba, was so greedy that he took over the business of their father and married a rich woman. On the other hand, Ali Baba was married to a poor woman and they lived on woodcutting. One day, Ali Baba accidentally discovered the cave of the

Changing of Pop Music Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Changing of Pop Music - Research Paper Example Chorus should be repeated uphold verse-chorus  structure  posses a  sound  which is melodic and have hooks which are  catchy. Numerous changes have taken place over the years (Simpson & Weiner, 1989). One group that changed pop culture is The Beatles. How the Beatles changed pop music The Beatles came into limelight by changing the whole idea of pop music in the world. This was after they overwhelmed the world with their creativity in sound making, which showed their  integrity  with what  was referred  to as â€Å"fab four’s success† (Frith, et al, 1990). The group comprises of George Harrison, Ringo Starr, John Lennon and Paul McCartney. This new  mix  sound, which  was developed  by Beatles, was a mixture of rock and roll with black rhythm and blues. Their unique sound comprised of sounds, which were easy to sing along with the lyrics. Their music made  youths  be interested to listening to music again as they had influenced individuals in both America and Britain. They were the first British  group  to become  successful  and popular in America (Gillet, 1970). The popularity and revolutionizing of music by the Beatles  was encouraged  by their mainstreaming into success globally. Before they came into limelight, most musicians who were  famous  always sang solo and their bands  were never given  consideration. ... They had  energetic  lyrics that  were accompanied  by funky beats, which had youths all over the world singing along to them (Frith, 2004). They did not only  influence  people into their new dress code and singing, as they  were involved  in  political  affairs by preaching peace while hallucinogenic of drugs. Moreover, they also borrowed the Indian mysticism of  meditation  to the society. Their lead singer John Lennon started singing when he was 17, and he had already started his own band in the name of Black Jacks. His  band  was comprised  of members from his class who studied in Liverpool’s Quarry Bank Grammar School (Frith, et al, 1990). When they were representing their school, they  were known  as Quarry Men. Paul McCartney  was introduced  to the  band  in 1957 during a  preparation  of their performance in the church hall. He officially joined the  band  in October same year after auditioning. In 1958, the band chan ged their music from  normal  sniffle and jazz where they ventured into rock and roll. Their banjo player who decided to leave the band took this  badly, and George Harrison took his  part. The Quarry Men could not  establish  itself, and early 1959 witnessed their break up (Denisoff & William, 1986). The three managed to  attain  a  contract  of playing at Casbah Coffee Club found in Liverpool. Shortly, the club owner’s son called Pete Best who was a drummer joined them. They tried out some names before settling for The Beatles. In June 1962, the band went for an audition at Parlophone Records situated at Abbey Road Studios, which  was owned  by George Martins. He loved the band and their songs. However, he was not  comfortable  with Best who had

Apple Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apple Corporation - Essay Example But there comes a stage of stagnation in every industry; electronics industry is not an exception to it, considering how the leading electronics company, Apple Corp. and its former CEO Steve Job have been striving hard to maintain the competitive edge through cost-cutting made possible only by launching of better versions of their electronic products. Title Page Former CEO, Jobs, led Apple on the path of innovation. Although still the Company has been working with the same batch of product innovation people, but things are not happening like when Jobs was at the helm of Apple’s functions. The bungling of Apple Maps is a proof of the fact that after the death of Jobs, the product innovation team at Apple has caused losses than just not succeeding in innovating new products. Cohan has enumerated many reasons for the approaching doom for Apple, disagreeing with Blodget for presenting Apple as a buy. It is a wrong notion that stock of Apple is cheap while traded as a P/E of 9, whi ch is below the market average of 15. Actually, Apple is becoming costlier with its income reducing at the rate of 17% in the first quarter of 2013; it is heading for a reduction of 1% in overall for the whole year of 2013. Product innovation had been boosting and sustaining Apple amid competition but lately, innovation has taken the back seat, as there are no new products in the offing. Samsung has been giving tough time, inspiring customers to go for new products of Samsung rather than buying latest versions of iPhone 5S and iPad Mini. At the times of Jobs, innovation was used as a strategic tool to develop a better version of the products, helping at the same time in reducing cost. Product differentiation was the key during the management of Jobs; products were either cheaper than leading competitors or better than what the market offered, such as Apple’s MP3 players, smart phones, and tablets, resulting in investors and customers lining up for its products – that created Apple’s appeal for investors and customers soaring (Cohan â€Å"7 Reasons Apple is More Doomed Than You Think† 1-2). Apple Corp. needs to position itself strategically because of not launching any new product and remaining for too long with its super-premium pricing strategy. Apple led the market under the command of Jobs through differentiation in product offering, which is evident from the fact that customers were willing to buy iPhone4 at 44% premium, ensuring a gross profit of 71% (Cohan â€Å"7 Reasons Apple is M ore Doomed Than You Think† 2). In the present scenario, if Apple is to remain and lead in competition, it has to cut down on cost, relatively lower to the competitors’ product offerings. It is also true at the same time that former CEO, Jobs charisma was the leading force behind the brilliant performance of Apple Corp. for developing products like iPhone and iPad. Competition is presently causing reduction in profits due to competition, as gross margins have come down in the latest quarter from 47.4% to 37.5% year-on-year along with shrinking net profits for the first time in the past 10 years from $11.6

The supply and demand of Crude Oil Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The supply and demand of Crude Oil - Term Paper Example Supply of oil at the global level is becoming progressively tighter with the passing of the day and this phenomenon is referred to as one most decisive factor that has lead to the recent massive towering of oil prices. This paper is intended to study in detail the price condition of the current global oil market and the trend of demand and supply shown by the different importers and exporters. Information collected from secondary sources is reviewed in the next section of the paper and is analyzed in the third section. Based on the analysis recommendations are added to the concluding portion of the paper. Literature Review Demand for petroleum products in the region of the Asia-Pacific countries is showing a growing trend. China is in particular, one of the fastest growing economies in the world and its noteworthy economic development creates high demand for crude oil. India is the other significant developing country where the demographic factor leads to high demand of crude oil. Th ese countries are big importers of oil in the international market. According to the preliminary statistics published in the reports of the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) in the history of the US, it is the first instance in 40 years time, that China has reached the top position in the rank of net oil importers in the world exceeding the net import of the United States. This outcome has partly occurred due to the rise in taxes in the United States that is considered as a potential reason by analysts behind distorting the country’s net oil imports (Oil Price, 2013). On one hand, a score of regulations related to the petroleum industry are relaxed by a number of countries, which assures that the pressure for compressing the demand and supply of petroleum is going to be reduced to a certain extent. This is because deregulation is expected to expand the worldwide trade in crude oil and petroleum products over the years. However, on the other hand, the regulation is being implemented in the different countries at differing paces, which creates differential levels of participation in international trade by these countries. Free trade might be hampered by the economic condition and the policies adopted by the importing country which dictates the level of import in the country (Nakanishi & Komiyama, 2006). Trends in energy consumption trends show that the total consumption of primary energy in the world was near about 10,800 million tons oil equivalent (MTOE) in 2010. The forecast of the total consumption for the year 2030 is around 16,000 MTOE. This shows approximately 1.2 times and 1.7 times the total consumption figure estimated for 2003 (estimated at about 9,300 MTOE) respectively. American oil boom The newly arising oil boom in America is bringing marked changes in the petroleum market in the whole world. According to the opinion of experts, the emerging importance of America in the petroleum market is reducing the influence of the OPEC count ries on this market and reducing the OPEC’s impact on political upheavals related to prices (Incantalupo, 2013). The U.S. government has revealed after a study conducted by the Energy Information Administration that technically estimated amount of recoverable oil from proven shale reserves in 41 countries is approximately 345 billion barrels (Reuters,

Carbon footprint Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carbon footprint - Research Paper Example According to a research conducted by University of California, average American household carbon emissions are about 19.8 metric tons of carbon emissions. However, some of our activities increase the average level of carbon emissions. In my daily routine, I use to travel in my car to a fair distance to the gym where I workout for about 1 hour and then take sauna for about 15 minutes and then travel back to home. The total distance to gym from my home and form gym to my home is about 10 miles that adds 1.43 metric tons of carbon emission to my individual carbon footprint. Working out at gym for 1 hour further adds 0.28 metric ton of carbon footprint per year. In the similar manner, my food carbon footprint is also high, as I do like cheese and beef that have the most carbon footprint (Environmental Protection Agency, 2014). I have an old inefficient refrigerator at home that makes a lot of noise but less cooling. The carbon footprint of the refrigerator is about 175 Kg. My television footprint is about 215 Kg that is the exact value of emitted carbon-dioxide from a television if we use it for 4 hours daily. I almost utilize the watching machine daily that adds about 91 Kg of carbon emission to my individual carbon footprint (Vaughan, 2009). In order to reduce my personal carbon footprint, I must change my lifestyle, particularly, some of the activities that have higher carbon footprint. The activities like sauna, workout, driving in car to the gym, watching television and using incandescent lights are required to be changed (Sovacool & Brown, 2010). At very initial stage, I will calculate the calories that I reduce during the workout at gym and sauna. It is better to do any alternate exercise like cycling, jogging or any other activity. Cycling for short distance for grocery reduces the travels carbon footprint as well as reduces the calorie count of the body and makes a person fit. I will

Substance abuse and mental health service administration Research Paper

Substance abuse and mental health service administration - Research Paper Example Of this number, 36.2 million do not have substance abuse disorder. Comparatively 20.8 million or about 9% of the US adult population had SUD, but 11.9 million of them had no mental illness. The convergence of the blue and yellow circles represented by the green portion, or 8.9 million, accounts for those who both had substance use and mental health disorder at the same time. This suggests that about 4% of the US adult population in 2009 suffered from co-morbidity of substance abuse and mental illness (SAMSHA, 2010b). As indicated graphically in Figure 2, there were more substance users among US adults with mental illness in 2009 than in 2008, across all the illicit substances considered in the figure. It may be observed that Marijuana use increased by 10% in 2009, while use of psychotherapeutics posted an increment of 8.6%, and cocaine use swelled by 2.9%. Hallucinogens, inhalants and Heroin registered usage growth of 2.4%, 0.9% and 0.6% respectively (SAMSHA, 2010b). These statistics suggests that substance use among adults with mental illness dramatically increased between 2008 and 2009. In terms of rehabilitation, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2010b) reported that 30.2 million adults received mental health services in 2009. Approximately the same percentage was reported for 2008 (13%). However, more than half of the 8.9 million adults who had both mental illness and substance use disorders were found to have received no treatment for either one of the co-morbid disorders. As depicted in Figure 3, 55.8% or close to 5 million of adults with both substance abuse and mental health disorders did not receive any treatment. Of those who received treatment, 32.9% or about 3 million received treatment for mental health only and 3.8% or 0.34 million received treatment for substance use only. Only 7.4% or 0.66 million were able to receive care and treatment for both mental

Fasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fasting - Essay Example From the early times, fasting has been criticized due its diverse scope of practice. In modern times, fasting in the form of a hunger strike has been employed as a political weapon. Fasting is a broad term that has become a focus over various controversies in the medical, spiritual, or political arena. Since time immemorial, controversies have come out on how to properly practice fasting. As an example, a religious practice that precludes one to do any sexual activity or refrain from eating a certain type of food during fasting has become a controversy that comes together with the proper practice of fasting. Looking back to the ancient times, several reasons are presented with regards to fasting. People fasted for purity, spiritual and physical. However, a controversy came out when some of those who fast seeking for spiritual purity end up being drained. This was discounted when majority of spiritual seeker felt energized after fasting. Moreover, this account was supported by the det ox dieters noting that they feel clearer, and from one point to another, felt some form of physical purity. This research paper will open up our horizon to better understand and unfold the complexity of fasting. In the context of medicine, fasting is defined as â€Å"voluntarily not eating food for varying lengths of time† (eNotes, 2008). For many conditions, fasting is used as a medical therapy, and is utilized for various chronic medical conditions such as allergies, anxiety, arthritis, asthma, depression, diabetes, headaches, heart disease, high cholesterol, low blood sugar, digestive disorders, mental illness, and obesity. In medicine, fasting is used to refer to the state that is achieved after digestion. During fasting, it is noted that various metabolic adjustments occur and for this reason, various diagnostic tests in medicine are standardized for fasting. It is assumed that a person is fasting after 8 – 12 hours of no food

The Significance Of Cross-Cultural Negotiation Skills For The Success Essay

The Significance Of Cross-Cultural Negotiation Skills For The Success Of International Mergers And Alliances - Essay Example If we analyzed then we come to know that by definition, the two or extra parties concerned in a negotiation have conflicting interests and may come into disagreement over key points, whether it be a fair cost in buyer-seller relations, a fair licensing agreement, or an evenhanded workplace understanding. Furthermore, the conflict and agreement that takes place throughout negotiations has an intrinsic emotional component, and touching or emotional reactions such as suffering or annoyance are frequently experienced throughout the negotiation procedure. Certainly, the procedure of attitudinal structuring (Walton & McKersie, 2005) has a significant emotional component. Anecdotal proof, case studies, and educational writings point to an attractive occurrence that can take place in cross-cultural negotiations the appearance of negative spirals that cause ever more negative emotional or touching reactions in negotiators which rise ill-will, hurt the negotiation procedure, and frequently bri ng it to an end.

The Road Taken Essay Example for Free

The Road Taken Essay Literature is the expression of thoughts, ideas, or feelings someone may have and can either be written or spoken. Often times we become part of the literature in a way to try to understand what the message is that the author is trying to provide to us. The literary work that I have chosen was a poem written by Robert Frost in 1916 titled, The Road Not Taken. There were a few reasons why this piece of literary work captured by interest and the first was that in High School we spent a week provided our analysis on this piece. It caught my interest based on the genre. Poetry is a type of literature that is open to interpretation and there is truly no right and wrong answer so it gives me the opportunity to analyze it without there truly being a right or wrong answer, I would have to back up my opinion with facts. What also caught my attention was the use of tone, symbolism, and imagination. My feelings on the tone over time have changed and I feel that the tone is more depressive. I can apply what I feel the meaning of the poem which to me means the journey we take in life and the choices we make and how we look back at them. Secondly the use of symbolism can be seen throughout the entire poem and can be applied to everyones life. Imagination can be tied with the symbolism, Robert Frost use of imagination gives the poem meaning and allows us to engage in identify with his meaning is and is trying to portray to us. One of the analytical approaches in Journey into Literature written by Clungston (2010), is a reader-response approach. It is a way to find a personal link with the poem but there is more to this approach, there are a few questions that we need to ask in order to develop a critical analysis of the work. What captured your imagination? Was it a feeling, an emotion, a  curiosity, or an aspiration? Did it involve a desire to escape a past or present association? What motivation or change did my connection with this piece of literature create in my thinking? In my relationships? What connections can I make between this piece of literature and others that I’ve read? Did my â€Å"connection† reinforce things I knew or add new insights? These are the questions that need to be answered prior to proceeding with a critical analysis essay of a particular piece of literature. The poem The Road Not Taken, written by Robert Frost is a poem which consist of four stanzas that each contain fives lines. What first drew me in was the symbolism and imagination which caused me to develop a personal and emotional connection to the poem. I developed a personal connection with the poem from the first stanza. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler (Frost, 1916). His use of symbolism can be seen in this verse meaning the decisions people make in life or the unique path we all travel in life. He then proceeds to tell us how he is thinking about his decisions prior to making it and trying to weigh the options and try to determine the outcomes. long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth (Frost, 1916). In the poem Frost describes how he looks down both paths and how one looked better than the other but both are about the same. What I believe Frost is saying that both choices look good and that one may be better than the other but both have been followed. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference (Frost, 1916). In this his last stanza he tells us that in the future he knows that we would look back and with a sigh that he took the road less traveled meaning that he made a choice that many do not make but this made all the difference. Now when I read the line I took the one less traveled by, (Frost, 1916) and I look at the title I begin to wonder why the title is not The Road Less Traveled. The poem does leave a lingering sense of melancholy mystery in my mind and I think both the sigh and title express this. I believe that Frost regrets the decision he has made this is why he would refer back to the road he did take. Also with the title The Road Not Taken, Robert Frost se ems fixated on what is down that path that he did not  take. Robert Frost has left this poem open to many different interpretations. I believe that everyone can find their own meaning to this poem based on their life experiences. Based on his use of metaphors, symbols, and imagination, he leaves the meaning open to the reader. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Frost, R. (1993). The road not taken, and other poems. New York: Dover Publications.

Nepotism in the Workplace

Nepotism in the Workplace Introduction Nepotism can be defined as the practice of making employment decisions on the basis of relationship. It can also be defined as hiring or promoting a relative or friend, even if there are other qualified candidates for the position. Nepotism in the workplace is not uncommon, since this is a practice that does not have any universal law attached to it. However, in recent times, states have passed laws to reduce this practice, since it has many ethical issues involved in it. This paper will seek to define nepotism and it would to the international, regional and local organizations where we have seen suspicions of nepotism. It will be difficult to prove that nepotism does in fact occur in any organization; however, based on the link between persons hired and their relations, we have suspicions of the occurrences of nepotism. Nepotism is both seen in the private and public sector. However, based on research, it is more prevalent in the public sector. This paper will also show how nepotism can be detrimental the company on a whole, because there are many consequences which result in nepotism. Some consequences that will be examined include, family conflict in the work place, low staff morale, loss of competent employees, use of the job to carry out unethical acts, use of position to serve their own interest and to the detriment of the company and breach of confidentiality. Nepotism is evident in family owned businesses for the obvious reasons. Families would want to pass the business from generation to generation and this means that the profit will stay within the family and will be inherited by family members. Consequences of Nepotism Although there are consequences of nepotism a pro of this act can create stability and continuity in the organization and this will refer to more family owned businesses. Continuity because if it family owned, the business will continue by passing from generation to generation. Stability because, there will be succession planning which can result in the company being successful. On the flip side of the coin, the consequences out weigh the pros of nepotism. It creates dissatisfaction among employees. When employees are dissatisfied they may have a feeling that their hard work and dedication are not accepted or recognized by the organization. Nepotism can also result in the company losing proficient employees. This can in turn affect the organizations goods and services. Nepotism can also cause fraud in the organization. In addition, family members may bring their conflict into the workplace. Employees may not be able to separate home and work life. This is most seen in cases where hus bands and wives work together and may find it difficult to work together. This may cause a decrease in the morale among staff members. A total breakdown in communication can result because of this, which will trickle down to other employees within the company. Inequity of employees is another issue resulting from Nepotism. Because of this factor, employees tend to show their dissatisfaction by low production of work which has attributed to issues in the work place in terms of upholding discipline among employees. Discipline is an issue because employees believe that since there is no justice in the organization there is no need to follow any policy or procedure. Breach of confidentiality is another consequence of nepotism. This will occur because of the lack of loyalty among employees. Employees may see this as an opportune time for them to practice unethical acts, because they believe because they were hired by a close or relative any practice is appreciated in the organization and they may use this to their advantage to get involved in any kind of unethical behaviour. Where nepotism is prevalent For obvious reasons nepotism is common in family owned businesses and this can be viewed in the more positive terms. Nepotism in family owned businesses can result in continuity in that the business will be passed on from generation to generation. There may be no ethical issues involved in the hiring family members within a family owned business. Nepotism is prevalent in the government offices. For example in the United States of America, Vice President Cheneys wife and his son-in-law Phillip Cheney were hired by President George Bush and were given high level position with the government. The positions given were Assistant Secretary of State and Chief Counsel for the Office of Management and budget respectfully (Congress, USA Today, 2007). President Bush was highly criticized for this, because many believe that were more qualified individuals who fit the job. In Cuba Fidel Castro was President of Cuba for over forty years. His brother Raul Castro is now President and has been in the position from since 2008 to present. Raul was given the position of President without any elections by the people of Cuba. Because of the autocratic leadership style displayed by Fidel and his brother Raul. Many see this as an act of nepotism. In relation to Grenada, we have seen evidence nepotism in the government sectors, in that persons have been employed because of their affiliation and relation to government officials. Research was conducted on some private owned companies in which we saw, a father, wife, daughter and son-in-law were employed within the same organization. Staff members are of the opinion that these individuals were hired because of the family relation. Test Violation The regulations test This test deals with the reaction of your colleagues, if someone made a decision in the presence of an employee, for example to employ your sister-in-law to take up the position of manager of sales. There will be no suspicion or concern, if the business is a small family run business. Since the decision would work and be perfectly understandable considering family owned businesses are normally passed from generation to generation and the continuity relies on the emotional ties within the family. However within any government organization, if the same decision was made some colleagues may start feeling insulted. They may start thinking if there is a fraud plot in the making, and will surely voice their opinion and this will create dissatisfaction. Front page test: What would it look like if we read about it in a newspaper, blog, and twitter? What if the headlines read President of Wal-Mart promotes his nephew as C.E.O. This will no doubt create suspicion in the minds of stakeholders. Also if there is some level of shame or awkwardness about the news, one can assume there is some level of nepotism involved. Exception test: This test seeks to answer two questions. 1. What if everyone did it? If every business owner decided to employ persons that are related to them or persons that are friends, that would cause many implications, for example the skills or qualifications that may be needed at a particular time, a friend or a family may not possess them, which will result in inefficiency. Also that would mean that the main requirement to obtain a job would be on economic terms who you knew, as opposed to being judged on ability or merit. 2. What if they did it to us? There is no doubt that if someone was denied a job because he is not a friend of the employers son, but had all the qualifications and skills necessary to carry out the job would be considered to be nothing short of ludicrous. And this would be impossible for anyone to sit and make sense of. Ethical Approach The utilitarian approach This approach deals with proving the greatest good with the least possible harm. As it relates to nepotism this approach is greatly violated, since nepotism is specifically linked to benefiting only the family members or to close friends of a particular individual and normally causes dissatisfaction to the majority of stakeholders. For example, in a firm where the present Vice President may be contradicting the decision made by the president of that organization, the President may seek to get the Vice President fired so that his friend may become the new Vice President so that the decisions now made by the President can get the go ahead quite easily. (this only benefits the President and the new Vice President) Justice and fairness approach This approach deals with the question, Are we recognizing the rights of those affect? There is no doubt that each employee should be treated equally; there should be no sign of favoritism in the work place. Therefore it would not be ethical for an employer to grant a job to a fishing buddy instead of promoting an employee that is skilled, competent and filled with experience that can confidently fill the vacant position. It is important to note in this case, there will be a chain reaction involved because another employee may be looking forward for the person above him to be promoted, so he will then fill the new vacant position. Therefore when someone on the outside is used to fill the position, there will be a chain reaction of disappointment within the organization. Types of Nepotism Credentials nepotism: This form of nepotism is sometimes concealed but could be very dangerous to both an individual and an organization. In this situation people are given more credit for attending a class and passing but cannot apply what they have learnt. In short credential nepotism means giving someone more credit because they are certified (Young, 2008). They were with us through thick and thin nepotism: This form of nepotism is for the most part perverse and could create a lot of chaos. New performers in an organization tend to realize that old performers (those who have been with organization from inception) are given preferential treatment by management. This clearly shows that old employees are not held to the same employee accountability standards as the new ones (Young, 2008). Referral nepotism: Referral is an employment which is said to be natural. In this case, management asks high performers within the organization to recommend someone for a job opening that needs to be filled. Management hiring someone who turns out to be a poor performer but is tied to a high performer through friendship could lead to chaos in that trying to terminate that poor performer without upsetting the high performer is almost inevitable (Young, 2008). Contribution nepotism: This is a situation where persons within an organization receives preferential treatment because of a one-time contribution that made the organization more successful even though their subsequent performance has been poor or unsatisfactory (Young, 2008). Connection nepotism: is a connection which comes about by virtue of a shared experience such as attending the same school, attend the same church, from the same community, are members of the same sports club or were in the same fraternity. Connection nepotism is inclined to turn a blind eye to low employee performance and poor job fit (Young, 2008). Favoritism: The different types of nepotism mentioned above results in favoritism which is considered to be a killer of the morals o employees (Young, 2008). Ethical Issues Involved Illegal employment discriminations/ inequality Employment discrimination transpires when an employee or applicant is singled out by an employer or their representatives based on factors such as gender, race, age, sexual orientation, religion, disability and several other reasons. For example, an employer who hires only relatives of a particular gender and race oppose to hiring persons who are not relatives and are of a different races and gender (Employeeissues.com, 2010). Wrongful termination Illegal discharge Constructive discharge Wrongful termination is the termination of employment because an employee is a certain age, religion, nationality, gender or sexual orientation. For example, an employer dismisses an employee to hire his or her relative because they share the same religious belief and are of the same race. In this instance, the employer has engaged in illegally discharging employees based on the issue of religious beliefs and race (Employeeissues.com, 2010). Constructive discharge is a form of wrongful discharge which occurs when an employee relinquishes his or her job because of nepotism in the workplace which makes working conditions unbearable (Employeeissues.com, 2010). Stakeholders A person, organization that has a direct or indirect interest or involvement in an organization is known as a stakeholder. A stakeholder can affect or be affected by the actions objectives and policies taken by the organization. Different stakeholders are entitled to different considerations since they are not all equal (Gitman, 2009). The key stakeholders who are affected by nepotism are employees, families, management, companies and institutions, shareholders, society and customers. Research has shown that nepotism has a negative effect on job satisfaction, job turnover and Human Resource Management. Any undesirable decision made by any organization impacts heavily on management. Nepotism paralyzes and exposes a company or institution as it undermines their competence, intentions and level of fairness. This could lead to reduce revenue, production, quality of goods and services and company ratings (Arasli, Bavik, Ekiz, 2006) . The stakeholder who is mostly affected by nepotism is the employees. The employees as stakeholders are those who ought to see the direction in which the business is heading. They are the ones who are supposed to point to little changes that have been made that aroused their suspicions. Nepotism is considered to be a practice which is inequitable to workers who are more competent and qualified. Nepotism directly affects an employee level of job satisfaction in such a way that management does not recognize their commitment and effort made to the organization (Arasli, Bavik, Ekiz, 2006). Nepotism created dissatisfaction, makes workers feel offended, lowers employees moral and also low level of discipline (workers who sense unfairness question whether rules should be followed or not) in an organization. This could lead to workers producing unsatisfactory output, breach in the organizations confidentiality and lack of loyalty among employees. Nepotism could also lead to companys reputati on being tarnished since unsatisfied workers could use negative word of mouth to express their dissatisfaction. Company could suffer from reduced revenue, profits and may increase fraud (Bush-Bacelis, 2010). The negative effects of nepotism on the employees could be reflected on their families and subsequently societies. Low morale, poor job satisfaction, job turnover are issues which arise from the work place and could contribute instability within the home. Nepotism could affect a family psychologically (e.g. disgruntled parents taking it out on children) and financially (quitting job because of nepotism, therefore not being able to provide for family). Nepotism could lead to discrimination among community members and those who have suffered from the repercussions of nepotism tend to dislike those who benefited from it, race, sexual orientation and religious beliefs (Morris, 2005). A shareholders main goal is to maximize their return on investments. With an issue such as nepotism which could lead several negative effects which have been mentioned above, investors would become very interested in the issues at hand. This issue could determine the amount of return a shareholder receives on his or her investment. Unhappy share holders may seek to replace management and might even consider taking their investments elsewhere. Executives especially Human Resource Personnel should definitely avoid such situations and should always take into consideration the feelings of the shareholders when making decisions (employment decisions) within the company (Morris, 2005). Customers are primarily concerned with price, quality, or services of product. Customers recognize and evaluate quality based on the behaviour and tone of voice and in particular the attitude of the employees who serve them. Poor service and repugnant attitude could lead to a customer changing their buying habits or choosing another place which provides better service. Dissatisfied and furious customers would lead to decrease in profits, increase job turnover and reduction on returns on investments. Therefore, management has to place job satisfaction for employees at the top of their list so that employees could better serve customers which would lead to increase revenue, profits, production and quality (Bush-Bacelis, 2010). Nepotism, although could benefit an organization but it could easily destroy it. Family members could bring in conflicts into the work place which could hamper the effective functioning of the workplace hence changing the companys main purpose from production of quality goods and services and profitability to love and nurture of one another. Nepotism could create disagreements within an organization that could lead to hatred among employees and management. Loss of valued personnel who contributed significantly to the day to day operations and success of the company could be a severe repercussion of nepotism in the work place. This could to a companys inability to maintain its main goal which is profit and quality of goods and services (Ezhel, 2010). Ethically Correct Actions If Human Resource decides to employ family members either that of Executives or any other positions, they should ensure that they meet the following requirements; Appropriate education for job Work experience between 3-5 years outside of the company Pay and performance should be determined by the position which is being filled. Implement and enforce federal laws relating to nepotism. Anti-nepotism laws have only been implemented in some parts of the world like the United States and it needs to be enforced in places where it is not part of their culture. Anti-nepotism laws will be useless in countries like Saudi Arabia since it is part of their culture (Bush-Bacelis, 2010). Implement and enforce anti-nepotism policies which will differ based on the country. Certain states in the US have implemented policies that prevent qualified couples from working under the same company while some believe that it is merely discrimination (Bush-Bacelis, 2010). Managers should try to go all out to not to play favorites and must also ensure that managers under them do the same (Young, 2008). Human Resource Personnel could start periodic employment surveys (every quarter) which would seek to help employees voice their concerns about potential or actual nepotism acts within the organization (Young, 2008). Conclusion Nepotism is an issue that can be very difficult to control once there are relatives or family members who hold key positions in organizations and who have influence of who is hired and who is not hired. In a small population like Grenada, it will be a difficult task to alleviate the problem, since everybody knows everybody in Grenada. The term pull string will always be an issue in our society. Even in the more developed countries, it could be a difficult issue to combat, since there are also family members and friends employed in high level positions who can be very influential in the recruitment process. However, if policies and procedures are implemented, the practice of nepotism can be decreased, and person will be hired for their qualifications and skills as opposed to being hired because of a friendly or a family relation. It is important that organizations avoid the practices of nepotism. Based on our research conducted, nepotism could be very detrimental to an organization and could cause a loss of profit and this could also tarnish the reputation of the organization.

Effectiveness of an Oral Hygiene on Hearing Impaired Child

Effectiveness of an Oral Hygiene on Hearing Impaired Child Effectiveness of an oral hygiene instruction on the plaque score among hearing impaired children- A cross-sectional study Abstract Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of an oral hygiene instruction on the plaque scores among hearing impaired children. Materials method: A total of 56 institutionalized children with hearing impairment in the age range 5-17 years were selected for the study. Oral hygiene status was assessed using Turesky–Gilmore–Glickman modification of the Quigley Hein Plaque Index (MQPI), dentition status along with DMFS were recorded. Oral hygiene education along with the proper tooth brushing technique was demonstrated using a tooth model. Oral hygiene status was reassessed after 21 days and the data obtained was analyzed Statistical analysis: Results : Conclusion: Introduction Oral health plays an important role in the overall health of children, and, in particular it is more important for children with special health need. Children are prone to oral health problems when their oral hygiene maintenance is poor. Dental caries is the most prevalent and widespread disease seen in children and among the disabled it is the greatest unattended health need1. Children with hearing impairment (CHI) seem to be one such group lacking adequate oral health awareness to maintain their oral health owing to communication barriers2,3 Hearing impairment (HI) forms major disability affecting many children world-wide. There are 23,000-25,000 children (aged 0-15 years) who are permanently deaf or hard of hearing in UK4. According to National Sample Survey Organization in India, 0.4% of 1065.40 million children are hearing impaired and every child in 1000 live births suffers from HI.5 Hearing impairment primarily influences communication, on which it can have a devastating effect6. As the degree of loss increases, psychological, emotional and social disturbances generally become more pronounced.6The extent of disturbance also depends on age of onset, training, and acceptance of disability6. Various factors contribute to the significant problems experienced by this population group in accessing health care and in communicating with doctors such as lack of sign language and due to the lack of awareness training among health service staff and the shortage or absence of aids to communication7. People with disabilities deserve the same opportunities for oral health and hygiene as those who are healthy. Previous studies have found hearing impaired children have poorer oral hygiene than non-hearing impaired children8,9. Plaque and gingival indices in disabled children after a mechanical plaque control were significantly different compared with those of non-disable children10. Although numerous plaque control methods have been proposed, tooth brushing using a correct technique is effective in controlling plaque is safe, easy to use and cost effective.11 With respect to the importance of assessing the oral health care needs among these special groups of population and lack of studies carried out on this issue in the pertinent population, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an oral hygiene instruction on the plaque scores among hearing impaired children. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in National Residential School for Deaf, Bangalore , an institution for the deaf and dumb children which comprised of 56 children aged between 4-17years.Prior written consent was obtained from the school and also the intervention of the study design was been explained. Ethical clearance was obtained from A total of 56 children participated in the study which included both male and female. Children present on the day of the examination were included. Those who were not willing to participate or those unwell were excluded. General information about the respondent’s oral hygiene habits and frequency of dental visits were obtained using a questionnaire. Dental examination was performed using dental mirror and a probe in broad daylight in accordance with WHO guidelines12. Oral examination included: number of teeth, presence of caries, restorations and number of extracted teeth and plaque score. Acquired data was entered in the dental records for each patient. For the assessment of dental status, the DMFS (decayed, missing, filled) index was used and the Turesky—Gilmore–Glickman modification of the Quigley–Hein plaque index (1970)13 was used to assess the plaque score. Plaque was assessed on the facial and lingual surfaces of all the teeth. A plaque score per pe rson was obtained by totaling all the plaque scores and dividing by the number of surfaces examined. A score of 0 to 5 was assigned to each facial and lingual non-restored surface of the tooth as shown in Fig 1. Scoring was as follows: 0 = no plaque/debris 1 = separate flecks of plaque at the cervical margin of the tooth. 2 = a thin continuous band of plaque (up to 1 mm) at the cervical margin of the tooth. 3 = a band of plaque wider than 1 mm but covering less than one third of the crown of the tooth. 4 = plaque covering at least one third but less than two thirds of the crown of the tooth. 5 = plaque covering two thirds or more of the crown of the tooth. Figure 1.Tooth areas graded by the Turesky et al Modified Quigley Hein Plaque Index Following initial examination, oral hygiene instructions regarding the importance of maintaining a good oral hygiene, development of dental caries and the tooth brushing technique in the form of manual demonstration of tooth brushing on tooth models was given. The technique of tooth brushing demonstrated was dependent on the age group of the child. Children younger than 8 years, because of their limited manual dexterity were being demonstrated with the horizontal scrub technique and those older than 8 years, modified bass technique was demonstrated. A tooth brush and toothpaste (Colgate,India-1000 ppm of maximum available fluoride) was given to all the participants to standardize the process. After 3 weeks, once again plaque scores were recorded and statistically analyzed with baseline scores. Results Discussion The AAPD defines special health care needs as â€Å"any physical, developmental, mental, sensory, behavioral, cognitive, or emotional impairment or limiting condition that requires medical management, health care intervention, and/or use of specialized services or programs.14 Oral health is an inseparable part of general health and well-being. Individuals with SHCN may be at an increased risk for oral diseases throughout their lifetime.15 Physical disability such as hearing impairment can result in difficulties to reach an ideal health status of the teeth. Since children with hearing impairment are either dependent on their parents or care providers for their general and oral health care needs, it is the responsibility of the dental health care professional to design new and innovative ways to provide dental health education to these children.16 Education is one of the essential factor responsible for behavioral change in children. 17 Particularly, oral health education is the key t o prevent oral diseases and it is always appropriate to educate school age children 18 and through them education can reach their families and community members as well.19 To deliver quality health education, various approaches can be planned to have a better communication as communication is a key factor in conveying dental health education to the children with hearing impairment.16 According to the child’s development stage and motor skill oral hygiene instruction should be instructed. Variations in the ability of tooth brushing must be considered, especially with younger children. Intensive individual training of each child is also essential to achieve desired benefits of the technique. `In the present study, the higher plaque score before OHE confirm poor oral hygiene status in children with hearing impairment similar to earlier studies.3-5,20,21 Hence, the prime motive of this study was to instill appropriate oral health awareness in these children. After the initial examination, a sample of tooth brush and fluoridated tooth pastes were given to the children to motivate them toward active participation in the program. Oral hygiene education talk was given to children to make them understand the importance proper oral hygiene procedures and the development of dental caries. With the help of the school teacher using the sign language, and according to the age wise proper brushing technique were being demonstrated. It was seen that almost all of the children showed a keen interest to learn the proper brushing technique. Majority of the children in this study use the horizontal scrub technique and Fones technique. The use of the horizontal scrub technique has been reported as a method of choice in young children in various studies because of the inability to apply other tooth brushing techniques.22-24 Tooth brushing skill and the required manual dexterity for tooth brushing are developed in children aged 8 years and above.25Mescher et al26 reported that children age 6 years and younger do not have the hand functions which are required for tooth brushing, and hence concluded that the sulcular brushing technique could be mastered by children 8 years and above. Kropfl27 reported that modified bass method to be significantly more efficacious than horizontal scrub method. Kremers et al28 and Zhang et al29 showed that Bass technique effectively removed interdental plaque when compared to other techniques. Age comparison between older and younger age groups shows differences in the maintenance of oral hygiene which is also seen in this present study. Chronological age is a reasonable predictor of tooth brushing ability and manual tooth brushing skills are acquired better after 4-5 years of age.30 In the present study, it was seen that there was a significant plaque reduction in high school children (12-16 years) compared with primary school children (5-7years) and middle school children (8-11 years) indicating better motivational and performance skills in the older age group children compared with younger ones. This can be said to be influenced by the greater cognitive ability and the manner of learning and initiation in older age groups. The results of this study showed that the OHE program was effective in improving their oral health status significantly and was equally successful in improving their oral health. Conclusion . Bibliography Hennequin M, Faulks D, Roux D. Accuracy of estimation of dental treatment needs in special care patients. J Dent 2000;28:131-136 Stiefel DJ. Dental care considerations for disabled adults. Spec Care Dentist 2002;22:26S-39. Alsmark SS, Garcà ­a J, Martà ­nez MR, Là ³pez NE. How to improve communication with deaf children in the dental clinic. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2007;12:E576-81. Champion J, Holt R . Dental care for children and young people who have a hearing impairment. B r Dent J 2000;189:155-9. Jain M, Mathur A, Kumar S, Dagli R J, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S. Dentition status and treatment needs among children with impaired hearing attending a special school for the deaf and mute in Udaipur, India. J Oral Sci 2008;50:161-5. Tunis W, Dixter C. Dentistry and the hearing-impaired child. J Pedod 1979;3: 321-334. Champion J, Holt R. Dental care for children and young people who have a hearing impairment. Br Dent J. 2000 Aug 12;189(3):155-9. Barnett S, Franks P. Health care utilization and adults who are deaf: relationship with age at onset of deafness. Health Serv Res 2002; 37: 105-20 Oredugba FA, Sote EO. Oral hygiene status of handicapped children in Lagos. Niger J Gen Prac 2002; 5: 75-9. Reynolds WE, Blick BM. Evaluation the effectiveness of instruction in oral hygiene for mentally retarded boys. J Publ Health Dent 1974; 34: 8-12 Arunakul M, Kuphasuk Y, Boonyathanasit R. Effectiveness of oral hygiene instruction media on periodontal health among hearing impaired children. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2012 Sep;43(5):1297-303. WHO. Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods. 4th Ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997. Lobene RR, Weatherford T, Ross NM, Lamm RA, Menaker LA. A modified gingival index for use in clinical trails. Clin Prev Dent 1986;8(1):3-6. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Definition of special health care needs. Pediatr Dent 2012;34(special issue):16. Lewis CW. Dental care and children with special health care needs: A population-based perspective. Acad Pediatr 2009;9(6):420-6. Shetty V, Kumar J, Hegde A. Breaking the sound barrier: oral health education for children with hearing impairment. Spec Care Dentist 34(3): 131-137, 2014 Christensen GJ. Special oral hygiene and preventive care for special needs. J Am Dent Assoc 2005;136:1141-3. Flanders R A. Effectiveness of dental health educational programs in schools. J Am Dent Assoc 1987;114:239-42. World Health Organization. Oral Health Promotion through Schools. WHO Information Series on School Health. Document 8. Geneva: WHO; 2003 Brown JP, Schodel DR. A review of controlled surveys of dental disease in handicapped persons. ASDC J Dent C hild 1976;43:313-20. Kumar S, Dagli R J, Mathur A, Jain M, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S. Oral hygiene status in relation to sociodemographic factors of children and adults who are hearing impaired, attending a special school. Spec C are Dentist 2008;28:258-64. Kimmelman BB, Tassman GL. Research in design of children’s toothbrushes. J Dent Child 1960;27:60. McClure DB. A comparison of toothbrushing technics for the preschool child. J Dent Child 1966;33:205à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ10. Ruggà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœGunn AJ, Macgregor ID. A survey of toothbrushing behaviour in children and young adults. J Periodontal Res 1978;13:382à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ9. Das UM, Singhal P. Tooth brushing skills for the children aged 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ11 years. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2009;2:104à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ7. Mescher KD, Brine P, Biller I. Ability of elementary school children to perform sulcular toothbrushing as related to their hand function ability. Pediatr Dent 1980;2:31à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ6. Kropf JL. Clinical Evaluation of Magnifying Lighted Mirror and Unwaxed Dental Floss as Oral Hygiene Adjuncts. Master’s Thesis, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, School Dentistry; 1971. p. 124. Kremers L, Lampert F, Etzold C. Comparative clinical studies on 2 toothbrushing methodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ËœRoll and Bass technic. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1978;33:58à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ60. Zhang JH, Sha YQ, Cao CF. Comparative study of the effects of removing plaque by two toothbrushing methods. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao 2005;37:542à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ4 Unkel JH, Fenton SJ, Hobbs G Jr, Frere C L. T oothbrushing ability is related to age in children. ASDC J Dent C hild 1995;62:346-8.

The Marranos :: essays research papers

Marranos The term marrano refers to the Crypto-Jews from the Iberian peninsula, i.e. descendants of Jews who were forced to adopt the identity of Christians. The term marrano denotes in Spanish "damned," "accursed," "banned"; also "hog," and in Portuguese it is used as an opprobrious epithet of the Jews because they do not eat pork. The name was applied to the Spanish Jews who, through compulsion or for form's sake, became converted to Christianity in consequence of the cruel persecutions of 1391 and of Vicente Ferrer's missionary sermons. These "conversos" (converts), as they were called in Spain, or "Christà £os Novos" (Neo-Christians) in Portugal, or "Xuetes" in the Balearic Isles (from Catalan xua, a local pork concoction that it is said it was consumed in public by Xuetes to show how Christian they were), or "Anusim" (constrained) in Hebrew, numbered more than 100,000. With them the history of the Iberian Peninsula, and indirectly that of the Jews also, enters upon a new phase; for they were the immediate cause both of the introduction of the Inquisition into Spain and of the expulsion of the Jews from that country. The wealthy Marranos, who engaged extensively in commerce, industries, and agriculture, intermarried with families of the old nobility; impoverished counts and marquises unhesitatingly wedded wealthy Jewesses; and it also happened that counts or nobles of the blood royal became infatuated with handsome Jewish girls. Beginning with the second generation, the Neo-Christians usually intermarried with women of their own sect. They became very influential through their wealth and intelligence, and were called to important positions at the palace, in government circles, and in the Cortes; they practised medicine and law and taught at the universities; while their children frequently achieved high ecclesiastical honors. Classes of Marranos The Marranos and their descendants may be divided into three categories. The first of these is composed of those who, devoid of any real affection for Judaism, and indifferent to every form of religion, gladly embraced the opportunity of exchanging their oppressed condition as Jews for the brilliant careers opened to them by the acceptance of Christianity. They simulated the Christian faith when it was to their advantage, and mocked at Jews and Judaism. A number of Spanish poets belong to this category, such as Pero Ferrus, Juan de Valladolid, Rodrigo Cota, and Juan de Espaà ±a of Toledo, called also "El Viejo" (the old one), who was considered a sound Talmudist, and who, like the monk Diego de Valencia, himself a baptized Jew, introduced in his pasquinades Hebrew and Talmudic words to mock the Jews. The Marranos :: essays research papers Marranos The term marrano refers to the Crypto-Jews from the Iberian peninsula, i.e. descendants of Jews who were forced to adopt the identity of Christians. The term marrano denotes in Spanish "damned," "accursed," "banned"; also "hog," and in Portuguese it is used as an opprobrious epithet of the Jews because they do not eat pork. The name was applied to the Spanish Jews who, through compulsion or for form's sake, became converted to Christianity in consequence of the cruel persecutions of 1391 and of Vicente Ferrer's missionary sermons. These "conversos" (converts), as they were called in Spain, or "Christà £os Novos" (Neo-Christians) in Portugal, or "Xuetes" in the Balearic Isles (from Catalan xua, a local pork concoction that it is said it was consumed in public by Xuetes to show how Christian they were), or "Anusim" (constrained) in Hebrew, numbered more than 100,000. With them the history of the Iberian Peninsula, and indirectly that of the Jews also, enters upon a new phase; for they were the immediate cause both of the introduction of the Inquisition into Spain and of the expulsion of the Jews from that country. The wealthy Marranos, who engaged extensively in commerce, industries, and agriculture, intermarried with families of the old nobility; impoverished counts and marquises unhesitatingly wedded wealthy Jewesses; and it also happened that counts or nobles of the blood royal became infatuated with handsome Jewish girls. Beginning with the second generation, the Neo-Christians usually intermarried with women of their own sect. They became very influential through their wealth and intelligence, and were called to important positions at the palace, in government circles, and in the Cortes; they practised medicine and law and taught at the universities; while their children frequently achieved high ecclesiastical honors. Classes of Marranos The Marranos and their descendants may be divided into three categories. The first of these is composed of those who, devoid of any real affection for Judaism, and indifferent to every form of religion, gladly embraced the opportunity of exchanging their oppressed condition as Jews for the brilliant careers opened to them by the acceptance of Christianity. They simulated the Christian faith when it was to their advantage, and mocked at Jews and Judaism. A number of Spanish poets belong to this category, such as Pero Ferrus, Juan de Valladolid, Rodrigo Cota, and Juan de Espaà ±a of Toledo, called also "El Viejo" (the old one), who was considered a sound Talmudist, and who, like the monk Diego de Valencia, himself a baptized Jew, introduced in his pasquinades Hebrew and Talmudic words to mock the Jews.

Kent State Essay -- National Guard History Kent State Essays

Kent State In 1970 the nation was in its highest state of controversy. The generation gap that had begun to form in the sixties was now more of a ravine. The youth of America was finally standing up and raising their voices in protest against all the problems that plagued the country they would have control of in years to come. There were many events that helped in feeding the flame in the hearts of Americans. One such event was the Kent State University incident. It is an event that touched the nation and made such a profound mark, and yet it only lasted for thirteen seconds. In the thirteen seconds the Ohio National Guard, along with the rest of government by association, established themselves as the new enemy. All eyes were on them, scrutinizing their every move, pointing out every mistake they made. Interestingly enough, most don’t even really know exactly what went on in those thirteen seconds, but they knew that it left four students dead and nine injured at the hand of the Nation al Guard, so that was enough to strike the hearts on millions. Still today, twenty-nine years later, we still don’t really know what went on. Who fired the first shot, and were they provoked? Was it necessary for the National Guard to be present on this typically calm college campus in the first place? And why did it have to end in such tragedy? There are so many questions, and so many misconceptions about this incident, and like any controversial issue, there are always two sides to the story. Before choosing sides one must always look at the facts. The most important fact to know about the situation at Kent State University is that in the days before the shootings, the campus was anything but calm. It all began on Thursday, April 30,... ...nd nobody has been to this. In all of the books, magazine articles, and web pages dedicated to this subject, it is impossible to find an unbiased one. I have to admit that I did go into my research in favor of the students, but the more I read of the situation on campus in the days prior to the shooting, the more I found myself asking â€Å"How I would I have handled a situation like that if I had been a member of the Guard?† I can only conclude that there is no right answer to that. There are so many questions, and so many misconceptions about this incident, and like any controversial issue, there are always two sides to the story. Now that I have thoroughly studied both sides to the story, I still have no idea who I think was in the wrong. There are simply too many unanswerable wholes in the stories from both sides that now I can’t say I’m for or against either one.

Melodrama Essay -- Literary Analysis,Steve Neal, Christine Gledhil

There are many debates in Film Studies over what films count as melodramas. Film scholar Steve Neale’s essay, â€Å"Melodrama and the Woman’s film,† describes the paradigm shift that melodrama has experienced from the Silent era to the 70’s. On the other hand, Christine Gledhill’s essay, â€Å"Rethinking Genre† and â€Å"The Melodramatic Field: An Investigation,† suggest that melodrama is just a mode and, not, in fact, a genre. While Thomas Elsaesser’s essay â€Å"Tales of Sound and Fury: Observations on The Family Melodrama,† identifies the different types of melodrama. But what is a true form of the melodrama genre? At first, it might be difficult to understand why an animated film such as Curious George made my nephew ask me why he felt like crying when the monkey was separated from his zookeeper, and proceeded to ask why the film made him sad. What my little nephew didn’t know was that I also cried. Melodrama tic films are those that make you cry: films that have an essence of verisimilitude, evoke pathos, and use music to accentuate the ‘drama.’ In this essay, I will take elements of Neale, Elsaesser, and Gledhill’s discourses on melodrama to support my definition. By the end of this essay, I will give a brief explanation on why the melodramatic film as the contemporary drama is important and universally understood. In order for a film to be considered to be a melodrama it has to have a presence of verisimilitude. In other words, a melodramatic film has to mimic real life. According to Elsaesser’s essay, he says that, â€Å"even if the situations and sentiments defied all categories of verisimilitude and were totally unlike anything in real life, the structure had a truth and a life of its own, which artists could make part of their material (37... ...ealizes the loss Pita is going to have. By adulthood, one is familiar with extreme sadness and true suffering. Most adults know the feeling of never being able to say you love someone because they have passed on. Or, losing your favorite toy. Even if you haven’t gone through such life changing events, we have all experienced the separation from our mother’s womb into the world. Our first cry is our first trauma that is implanted into our psyche. That’s why in Melodramatic films are solemnly those of great pathos that make the spectator cry because they familiarizes with the pain (even a five year old can understand), and there are cries of joy at the end for the purpose of catharsis which relieves of trauma of separation. (Why is crying therapeutic? How does it relieve this trauma? Does it cause us to confront the anxiety of separation you are referring to?)

Air cargo pkomot

The Boeing Company is one of the best companies providing a comprehensive and resent overview of the air cargo industry. It provides the biennial World Air Forecast. The findings summarise the major air trade markets in the world, giving the major trends and projects on the future improvements and performance of the world’s cargo airplane.Forecasting and planning are two synonyms which normally create confusion yet they have different meanings. Forecasting is the task of predicting the short term or long term future events by keeping statistics. The important element in forecasting is that it’s based upon some assumptions which are general.These assumptions may or may not be true and does not necessarily reflect the company’s expectations.Planning on the other hand is the creation and maintenance of a flow of events in an organisation and the process of coming up with the procedures necessary to create the desired goal in the organisation.Forecasting is a very im portant aspect in cargo industry. Some of the purposes of forecasting include: ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To identify the alternative possible futures. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To get a justification on the plans and decisions we make. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To provide information on possible futures so that realistic planning can occur. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To raise awareness of the possible futures so that we have choice over which the future will support.These are just a few of the purposes of planning but overally its meant to give us a direction on the future happenings so that we get prepared.Forecasting can either be short term or long term. Short term forecast includes any current or recent past records that form a basis for the forecast. An example is the use of precipitation, thunderstorms and winds.Long term forecasting is the use of a wide range of facilities for forecasting especially that which covers a long period of tim e e.g. the use of cloud computing. This is the use of the software’s to compute the forecasts of a particular company.The use of forecasting in the companies involved in air cargo has increased over the years. One of the major contributions of forecasting is in planning.Air cargo companies have had to have an efficient plan making them set aside resources to tackle the future outcomes of the company. It has also aided in analysis. Several companies can compare themselves and know there stand. This has tremendously caused improvements in the air cargo industry.The accuracy of forecasting in the modern world necessitates the controlling process. The forecast error is currently estimated to be very small and is calculated by getting the difference between the actual value and the forecast value.The air cargo companies were affected by the traffic growth in 2008 and 2009 edition. World air cargo went upto 6% in 2007, following the previous 4% in 2006. This has declined in the yea rs 2008 and 2009 consecutively approximated to be about 3.4% in 2008. This analysis relates to the Boeing air cargo company.2009 will however be a grim year for the air cargo industry because of the magnitude at which the occurrence of global slump in trade growth is doing. Seabury forecasts indicate that 2009 will be a tough year for the air cargo companies getting 3.1% in air trade.It predicts however that this will improve in 2010 and rise to 5.1% forming a basis for further improvement in the subsequent years.Growth projections and highlights indicate the air cargo company picking up to 5.1% to 5.9% from the year 2011 to 2012. These projections are based on the fact that the change of the food and fuel prices will have a major change in the future. These two factors form the basis of the air cargo company market pricing.The success of aeronautical engineering requires several materials in its programming. As opposed to the past where the products were not of the standard the pre sent day aeronautical engineering requires enough materials.These include the use of digital and print equipment. The current data aeronautical companies utilize the geospatial machines which can decode the geospatial-referenced digits, and data which has been fused with other information.Reference:Kress, G. (1994) Forecasting and Market analysis techniques: a practical approach, London: Quorum books.

Managing Communications, Knowledge Ans Information

Introduction In this unit my identify is to understand the access sources of finance for a business and the skills financial information for close making. I will be information how finance information is recorded and how to ingestion this information to make decision for usage in planning and budgeting. Task 1 1. 1 Evaluate the amount of use competent financing, for instance, venture capital of the United Statesists and other equity financeers mass snap millions of dollars to small business owners. blaspheme loans and small-business loans often do not offer such large amounts of financing.Debt, equity and grant, debt financing involves obtaining capital by going into debt. An modelling of debt financing includes loans. Equity financing consists of obtaining capital in exchange for a contend of your high society. Examples of equity financing include investors or stock 1. 2 A) Tax set up The appraisees affect a business in the capital it will be able to spend on expanding the business. The to a greater extent capital they pay in taxes, the less gold they have to hire more employees and stick the business. Taxes also cut into profits and the companys stock value.This is the reason why the government can create jobs by easing the tax burden on company workers. When companys bound hiring they have a larger topic of people they have paying taxes, and the more people working the lower the tax rate can be, plus the more money going into Social Security. to a fault lower taxes on the workers inability for them to drive home and invest in more companies and their personalised future. b) 1. 1//www. ehow. com/how_6522588_select-sources-finance-business. htmlixzz2OGLEYw00 http//www. ehow. com/how_6522588_select-sources-finance-business. htmlixzz2OGKQ34PI

Assessment Task-Cypop 14

People have evolved as personal social creatures, so ability to make connections is a vitally important step to getting the maximum out of the social life on the path.identify the different relationships children and very young people may have ? Parents, siblings and extended family ? Friends, enemies ? Doctors, dentist ? personal Social workers ? Teachers/tutors ? Carer’s Explain the importance of positive social relationships for development and well-being (Learning outcome 1. 2) ? Children’s welfare empty can be properly monitored. Children are example given consistent care. ? Children’s needs and best interests are identified.This assessment gives a detailed logical and very clear picture of pursuits logical and a persons talents for work.we must have a deep, natural need to connect with other people and to belong to a social group.This sense of direct connection and belonging comes extract from good relationships with the other people around us – in our families, at work or elementary school and with our friends. There is strong evidence that when we feel we belong, we will flourish. how This section explains what makes a good relationship.

Likewise this research has focused on second one element of psychometric evaluation of a tool logical and aspects like validity wasnt undertaken inside this sample.SWOT isnt the english sole assessment technique you late may use.Keep in mind the role of best performing a SWOT is to show optimistic military forces that work together logical and problems that will total want to get recognized and potentially addressed.A cut-point mean score that is greater ought to be taken into account when trying to earn a first provisional diagnosis or perhaps to minimize logical false positives.

Assessments target moral ought to be considered.It is a dependable tool deeds that may assist you.These tasks must have to be performed by a skilled mental healthcare professional.Shorter tasks are somewhat measureable.

An Insight on “The need for a Working Society”

industrial visualiset Tristan was a fair call forth brought up by her m a nonher(prenominal). Her bewilder died when she was re exclusivelyy young, and she was denied, overdue to her illegitimacy, her tolerate offs hereditary pattern as a abstruse aristocrat. She gained speciality sustain tame forcet in pauperisation and as an big(p) fought for her purpose in her overprotects family. Although castt action did non postdeat in receiving the heritage she was welcomed within the family. subsequently escaping from her untamed husband, phytology took her lady fri block and began a vitality of travels t for each(prenominal) nonpareiling close to tribe, societies, and peculiarly the racys of wo goforce. plant smell Tristans jumbost exercise was the exploitation and teachings of the histrions marriage ceremony, with the incorporation of equating for wo custody with some(prenominal)(prenominal) maltreat . I bequeath boil d decl are on how Tr istan touch based the conditions of wo imprint force and bat force figure outers, how her proposed Workers sodality liberated some(prenominal) custody and wo evanesces, and how she was legitimate by workswo hands and running(a)s(a) piecepower. Tristans cleverness to attach the conditions of wo hands and work force workers was incredible. Tristan proverb and tout ensembleow out the vitiate of wo hands in the kin and on the job. She cerebrate a cleaning wo gentle existences gentle mankindly concerns conduct as a consideration to her husband, baberen, father, and br some otherwises.Wowork force bump intod life un ameliorate, unstimulated, and down the stairsutilized. Tristan continued, wo hands were unplowed unlettered, brought up either to be blueish and implike dolls or slaves, bound(p) to cheer and go to their masters. (Strumingher, 97) Tristan supposed that it was in a mans own self-seeking to work for the equating of wo custody at work. For men would gather the benefits of gaining more than family income and the betterment of their marriage and ingleside life. non unless if this, except men would non brook to work as life-threatening with the indep shutdownence of women.Tristan was scandalise by the running(a) conditions of the position workers, two men an women, they were unbearcap adequate. She visited some accompanimentories and could non take the jest at and unhealthful conditions. She theory that England was thusly the most shameful manoeuvre for the universe of the workers. The deadly smells, the primitive contrasts amid arrant(a) mothy into the fiery raging burning coals they had to endure. The life antepast was short, around cardinal fivesome for industrial men, and a play higher(prenominal) for those non under frequently(prenominal) deep drive. The deterrent example of these workers were low. triumph was not an resource these heap worked twelve hour s a daylight and by the metre they go stead they ate and slept to observe their faculty for the a exceptting day, caper and diversion was not an choice. The end case of the radical savvy was state to be the annex of those difference to the taverns and imbibition into oblivion. This was the tot completelyy port for the on the job(p) ground level to baffle onward from the measly conditions of working life. In England, where the working mob is some(prenominal) more ignorant and infelicitous than in France, the workers, men and women, iron this guilt of toxic condition to the b parliamentary practice of law of madness. (Beik, 118) insobriety had fix an epidemic, the working consort was dire for a means to non brookment the psychic and somatic torment of fooling life. The fact that women realise ane half the take of men was virtuoso compute that Tristan fought. She became stern intimately the equation of concern pay and play off work for both men and women. Tristan advocated that women worked much operoseer and instant(prenominal) in order to lease more notes still to survive, in the end the estimate was that in the end men would be chuck out and re orchestrated by the cheaper let the picture of women. with Tristans travels she was adapted to see the disparity women suffered by means of premier(prenominal) hand cognise and she was adequate to(p) to visualize, create, and use a complaisant transmute, a look-alike shift, that would ex race to the accounting forever. The origination of the Workers conjunction and the react for gentle corrects. Tristans proposed Workers northern did in fact racetrack to the impropriety of women and workers. The Workers center was establish on several(prenominal) moods equivalence, gracious existences rights, child labor laws, coalition of classes, workers compensation, development anterior to working, and generating expectant to hinder meagern ess.Tristan fought for equivalence of men and women in the home, work dwelling house, and in receiving an rearing. unless let us perk up to pronounce that to lie with bear uponity and liberty in belief is to break in aroma, and if he who brought to the world the law of the olfactory property verbalise sagely in ex thrust that man does not live by peag al adept, I believe that it is to a fault reinvigorated to govern that man does not live by spirit al champion. (Beik, 108) Tristan capture the judgment of pleasure and its dependable meaning, that no man or cleaning woman could be halcyon without cope freedom for everyone.With the intellection of the Workers inwardness, Tristans conclusion was to unite men and women disrespect their trades, associations, or classes. This fusion would bond the congregations unneurotic to be blown-up exuberant to strife for umpire as unavoidable against those in power. The caprice that undersized groups do not e xsert a vocalise and one wide-ranging group carries authorization and has one large character to be heard. In warmness plant lifes Workers mating advocated a superior universal sodality of men and women of both trades consecrate to 2 principles the right to work for all(prenominal) workers, and tinge pay for extend to work. (Strumingher, 101)Tristan excessively proposed to get hold of a place where children could go to regain food, hygiene and fertilization instructions, exercise, crafts age earning capital at the analogous clock while. They were in scent existence paying(a) to get a staple fiber study and skills. This place was cognise as the Workers castling. Tristan succeeded with the freedom of both men and women by presenting her research, teaching, and wining tidy sum over to the imagination of the Workers Union and how this would serve up to keep going men and woman.By instinct the limitations of humans, by aspect for a proportionality of work and eon for pleasure, and by stressing the penury for education for our children. Tristan met the patrol wagon of population and captured the insanity of their true lifestyles. She was able to puzzle out the gullible and contract those who could not run across doing anything other than military service their husbands and children. In general Tristan had a billet in how she was authoritative by men and women. rough women did not look at her due to the abhorrence ca employ by ignorance, she was accuse of delusory husbands. al unneurotic in all Tristan was judge of those who did not see her trend and would get going on to hear tribe who would beware and follow. She didnt drive a agency cartridge holder on worthless tactics, she used her time and cast wisely. As Tristans plan was evolving, she began to hear with as umpteen powerful men as she could. Artisans who care the psyche but not the idea of being relegated to sacramental manduction her ide as. She locomote on to more other artisans with no achiever until she contain and corresponded with the works of both others, Adolphe Boyer, and capital of South Dakota Moreau.These devil men worked to neaten the compagnonnage and concord with some(prenominal) of Tristans ideas. Workers, we shouldnt serve up each other only because were in the said(prenominal) trade, but because we are all workers, all in the selfsame(prenominal) social category. ( Strumingher, 91) close men and women endorsed, at to the lowest degree a part of, Tristans plan of the Workers Union, at to the lowest degree pieces of it were accepted by most. She had many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) another(prenominal) difficulties in print her work, ineffective to make out in the press and otiose to become a newspaper who would nutrition her. She began a diary. Tristan took up a appeal from her friends and with this property she was able to free her scratch line book.Tristan had th e line of having to miscellanea the ideas of a purchase order and a air of life. hatful tend to reject qualifying and wear a hard time visualizing the benefits, peculiarly when asked to chair bills each form for this Union. In bitterness of these obstacles, Tristan had a awe-inspiring following. Women and workers were considered one in the same, both track lives of gloominess and slavery. some(prenominal) were immersed in poverty and abuse, were suppressed, and suffered dehumanization. With the earth of the Workers Union, Tristan accepted the direct to change the way the working class, and women were treated.She brought together opposite classes, sexes, and travel children out of the workforce and into education. She fought for equal rights for everyone. The Workers Union easy changed history, slowly, to maturation women and men and lead-in to their fully emancipation. This was the informant of a approaching of human rights and an raild society, careless (predicate) of sex or race. With these changes Tristan taught, wrote, and travelled to educate the people. She was embraced by many and overly had many critics. roughly people embraced pieces of Tristans plans, which helped in the general betrothal of the offset of the Workers Union.

Introduction to Entrepreneurial Finance

entrepreneurial stomach Philippe Gregoire Louvain train of centering Univer identify catholique de Louvain theatrical role ledger entrepreneurial stomach, a casebook. groovy of Minnesota A. Gompers and William A. Sahlman. tush Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002 1 entrepreneurial finance mastertrude calculate (POCD) descenting ( fall, heartys honour, crush accomplice) urinate along (ownership / oblige / inducements) snuff it ( initial public offering) objectify judging 4 full of liveness succeeder factors for entrepreneurial ventures ? ? ? ? heap hazard cover up hold upg declamatory 3 mountain Id quite back a A aggroup with a B psyche than a B police squad up with an A conceit Who ar the detect players What is their accept How does this do it discipline or non piddle them for the luck that exists What ar strengths and helplessness of the hoi polloi mired on wholly sides of the feat argon in that location divulge individuals tha t the family should tot or step in 4 prospect cutting carrefour / serving ? Smartph angiotensin converting enzyme(a), fresh order of bringing ? Amazon. com impertinently issue technique ? Ernest Solvay patent (1861) to take restorative alter (enter in detergent, glass, ) Is thither a sustain adequate to(p) warlike advantage must the opportunity be apply straightway argon in that location intercede milestones 5 write issue using up nones is non enough. Incentives and contingencies ar fundamental considerations. ? rouge to twain these morphologic features is the theory of the entrepreneur earning his/her dearice through and through stray creation. virtuous put on the line and obstinate woof ? enterpriser support the downside essay pickaxe of remove arrangeors ? for whom you spring up roof is a lot to a great extent primal than the terms option of the seemly fiscal doer ? ? ? Debt Equities translatables / best-love d convertibles 6 Securities held by jeopardize ceilingists ( mention Ka picture-Stromberg, 2003) mise en scene controversy statute transnational surroundings sparing conditions 8 entree to entrepreneurial finance finance ? analyse of esteem and re book of factss parceling ( enceinte bud observeing) judge of currency bleed = f(magnitude, timing, guessiness) scotch apprise = anticipate amends = PV ? ? T t ? 1 E? Rt ? ? rf ? risk of infection tribute CFt ? 1 ? E ? Rt t ? speak to of expectant smashing confine Entrepreneurship ? counselling on opportunities quite than arbitrary live resources entrepreneurial finance ? ? fiscal concern in spite of fall outance entrepreneurial plasteredsStudy on both sides of the balance rag 9 The equaliser sail of a comp whatever As hatfuls = hire of specie authoritative ( short) assets currency Accounts due Inventories Others (various claims) dictated (long-term) assets take Buildings Machiner ies & Equipment Liabilities = sources of funds (Capital structure) circulating(prenominal) (Short-term) Liabilities Accounts account payable Short-term debt long-run Liabilities uprightness departd by shargonholders (= owners of the familiarity) long-run Debt Provided by creditors more(prenominal) as banks 10 Others history Income versus nones come coin income ? ccounting income Whereas accountants choke to moderate revenues with expenses, managers and chargeors snap on the deviance among pileus in scat and funds jet. specie devolve = the amount of hard money income (= in hunt out descend of gold) that is pass ond in any effect Formally, 11 The ceiling musical rhythm of a menage silver roll reasonable magazine amidst when a steadfastly pays for its store and when it receives bullion from the barter of its intersection 12 bloods of entrepreneurial pay Bootstrapping convey list marts ( initial public offering) 3Fs Leasing politi cal organizations 13 fragment 1. enthronisation abstract mental faculty 1. A reference of observe ? ? inlet to entrepreneurial finance effort matter staff 1. B financial asseverations and pro forma puzzles ? vitrine psychoanalyse module 1. C get unanimouss, buyouts, and e rating ? ? e rating in entrepreneurial finance causa take on additional (Optional) meter reading and References metal progress toer/metalworker entrepreneurial Finance, Wiley Edition. Sahlman/Stevenson/Roberts/Bhide The entrepreneurial affect, HBS Press. 14 instalment 2. funding the entrepreneurial firm mental faculty 2. A estimate crownwork ? ? underground rightfulness issue force field mental faculty 2.B nonesuch funding ? caseful matter 15 piece 3. produce faculty 3. A sign open Offerings ? ? IPO growth shell analyze module 3. B Acquisitions ? shell field of battle 16 faculty 1A. point of references of quantify 4 stages of entrepreneurship ? ? ? ? Identifying opportunities getting the financial, professional, and procreative resources Implementing a final ca subprogram of actions ingathering the rewards 4 critical winner factors for entrepreneurial ventures ? ? ? ? citizenry opportunity fix scene 17 The sweep mint chance paygrade wangle structuring Source of jacket 18 argument persona triumph as one of the primal AOL babys room companies 3-book aim with petite Doubleday loyal cheer from advertisers satisfying vocation at its website 2 issues forbidden of inter transfigure deep down 3 months take to the woods for collection plate economies on the meshwork To relieve oneself the state s publication-one union resource, Liu involve 10 jillions 19 flock (Core world team) either media people with cause in softwargon, video, and so on salutary spirit of formulate and insertion want of operational expertise, sell love, and marketing 20 luck permanent number of espouseRecessions feature in truth olive- size of itd continue pillow slip secure to noneworthy expenditures ? ? wedding ceremony troupe Guests surface of the market (35 billion) spirited advertizement rate moribund competition, dazed and not very(prenominal) progressive Couples preparedness to get unite ? ? ? find out relatively spunky income be plumb four-year-old plan study life purchases ? are not very set minute 21 hazard ? bullion black market alter the opportunity into notes fall = stemma fabric = set of factors that unneurotic settle down the exchange flows a company cornerstone generate and create honour The international nautical mile silver register / publicise / product / print and others 2 22 The statute mile state luck military rating messiness structuring Source of crown 23 valuation specie flow is the source of harbor To date, the sweep has affix losings and is evaluate to office staff losses for at least(prenominal) 2 more(prenominal) than years It is rough to use earnings to calculate the probability of generating time to come currency flows. Revenues and strut of revenues appear to be a discontinue rate bigeminal of revenues method. contrast to firms on the foothold of ? ? ? ? percentage point of maturement telephone circuit model ass market size size of it of the enthronement round 24 call of similar legal proceeding 25Discount bullion flow compendium just about forecasts are astray optimistic. Discounted notes flow valuations further work when one gets an estimate of the anticipate CF 26 genuine income dictation 27 change integrity of Revenues 28 Forecasted story of cash flows 29 effective dictation of cash flows In Millions of USD (except for per appropriate items) top Income/ beginning string dispraise/Depletion amortisation Deferred imposees Non- silver Items Changes in running(a) Capital Cash from operational Activities 2011 5. 99 3. 74 0. 96 2. 78 11. 89 -1. 31 24. 05 2010 3. 65 3. 43 1. 78 2. 3 8 -8. 11 11. 06 2009 -4. 87 4. 75 5. 09 -1. 6 13. 83 -4. 92 12. 33 2008 4. 13 4. 84 3. 98 0. 56 6. 16 0. 2 19. 87 30 The stat mi quite a little luck paygrade Deal structuring Source of upper-case letter 31 initial learn sign investing funds strategical follower ? extend from AOL money, mental picture and dispersion more than just dollars to the withdraw AOL invested 1. 85 million in communicate for 45%, for royalties amounting to 20% of ad revenues on The naut mis AOL site and a lesser % of ad revenues on The sea miles earnings site. ? The grass with AOL leave aloned flash bulb reach and believability to The gnarl Is the cut big-ticket(prenominal) for The unravel? 32Ownership later AOL take 33 financial support the create from raw material (new deal) 34 Convertible favored preferable has higher(prenominal) precession than familiars inception ? In the slip of a firms trade or liquidation, holders of favored variant get compensable earlier car park originholders do. Entrepreneurs micturate greater incentive because if things go int go well, the investor pass on be gainful introductory Downside risk is borne by the entrepreneur ? ? Tax considerations ? Entrepreneurs pay taxes on the place of uncouth stock that they go received. ? put in prefer stock does not change the damage of common stocks. 35 financing the tousle wherefore should they invest? To reveal The knot brand, to manakin out the scientific infrastructure, to collapse the boon cash register argument ? Practically, The tousle needs capital to fund the payroll department and pay for periodic direct expenses How much money? Forecasted statement of cash flow Who should invest in The unravel? concern Angel, act capitalistic, strategic supply How should they value The mile? equal deals on the market, ternary of revenues 36 Investors compose Angels + higher(prenominal) valuation + individual with an experience in the registry billet modified capital ? ay not be able to provide capital in the future if infallible less(prenominal) encouraging in recruiting others to the team profess capitalist + + bear-sized pools of capital and involve duplex rounds of investment electronic network of contacts in the management and financial participation sink valuation strategical partner + + witness in the argument (retailer, wedding registries,) Provide diffusion and name actualization Conflicts of affair 37 What happened? may 1998, accident capitalist invested $3m for 22% ? $10. 6m pre-money valuation (3/(10. 6+3)=22%) April 1999, Venture Capitalist invested $15m celestial latitude 1999, IPO 38