Definition and Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences

Definition and Examples of Compound-Complex Sentences In English language structure, a compound-complex sentence is aâ sentence with at least two autonomous provisos and in any event one ward condition. Otherwise called aâ complex-compound sentence. The compound-complex sentence is one of the four essential sentence structures. Different structures are the straightforward sentence, the compound sentence, and the mind boggling sentence. Models and Observations The compound-complex sentence is so named on the grounds that it shares the attributes of both compound and complex sentences. Like the compound sentence, the compound-complex has two principle provisions. Like the unpredictable sentence, it has in any event one subordinate statement. The subordinate statement can be a piece of a free clause.(Random House Websters Pocket Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation, 2007)His blue eyes were light, splendid and shimmering behind half-mooned displays, and his nose was extremely long and warped, as if it had been broken in any event twice.(J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone. Academic, 1998)The entryway of the morning room was open as I experienced the corridor, and I got a brief look at Uncle Tom messing about with his assortment of old silver.(P.G. Wodehouse, The Code of the Woosters, 1938)All of us are egomaniacs somewhat, yet the vast majority of us-not at all like the snap are impeccably and horrendously mindful of it when we ma ke asses of ourselves. (Sidney J. Harris, A Jerk, 1961) Those are my standards, and in the event that you dont like them . . . all things considered, I have others.(Groucho Marx)The Druids utilized mistletoe in services of human penance, however above all else the evergreen turned into an image of richness since it thrived in winter when different plants shriveled. (Sian Ellis, Englands Ancient Special Twig. English Heritage, January 2001)We work under a jury framework in this nation, and as much as we grumble about it, we need to concede that we are aware of no better framework, aside from potentially flipping a coin.(Dave Barry, Dave Barrys Guide to Marriage as well as Sex, 1987)She gave me another of those long sharp looks, and I could see that she was again inquiring as to whether her preferred nephew wasnt soaks to the tonsils in the juice of the grape. (P.G. Wodehouse, Plum Pie, 1966)In America everyone is of the supposition that he has no social bosses, since all men are equivalent, however he doesn't concede that he has no social inferiors, for, from the hour of Jefferson ahead, the precept that all men are equivalent applies just upwards, not downwards.(Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays, 1930) How, Why, and When to Use Compound-Complex Sentences The compound-complex sentence comprises of at least two free provisos and at least one ward conditions. This syntactic shape is basic in speaking to complex connections as is often put to use in different types of logical composition, particularly in scholastic composition. It is additionally likely evident that the capacity to utilize compound-complex sentences raises a journalists validity: it exhibits that the individual in question can unite in a solitary sentence a scope of various snippets of data and request them in relationship to one another. It is not necessarily the case that the compound-complex sentence welcomes disarray: despite what might be expected, when dealt with cautiously, it has the contrary impact it explains the multifaceted nature and empowers perusers to see it clearly.(David Rosenwasser and Jill Stephen, Writing Analytically, sixth ed. Wadsworth, 2012)Compound-complex sentences get clumsy in a rush. So clear authors limit their utilization, by and large con fining them to close to 10 percent of their work.But differing the sentence structures in a piece makes it all the more fascinating, and journalists who care about musicality will wander from the less difficult structures to blend in compound sentences every so often. (Jack Hart, A Writers Coach: The Complete Guide to Writing Strategies That Work. Stay, 2006) Compound-complex sentences areâ used rarely in business messages in view of their length. (Jules Harcourt et al., Business Communication, third ed. South-Western Educational, 1996) Accentuating Compound-Complex Sentences In the event that a compound or a compound-complex sentence has at least one commas in the primary statement, you might need to utilize a semicolon before the planning combination between the two provisions. Its motivation is to show the peruser unmistakably the division between the two free provisions. (Lee Brandon and Kelly Brandon, Sentences, Paragraphs, and Beyond, seventh ed. Wadsworth, 2013)For at long last, opportunity is an individual and desolate battle;â and one countenances down feelings of dread of today so that those of tomorrow may be locked in. (Alice Walker, Choosing to Stay at Home Ten Years After the March on Washington, 1973. In Search of Our Mothers Gardens, 1983)

Is evil really the nature of mankind Essay

Is insidious actually the idea of humanity? Presentation  â â â â â â â â â â Man is accepted to have ethics. Profound quality can be characterized as the capacity to think of governed and hold fast to them precisely combined with the capacity to observe directly from wrong. This brings up the issue whether man fouls up deliberately. Is man brought into the world abhorrence in nature? Individuals will put everything on the line just to satisfy their own wants regardless of whether it conflicts with all ethical quality. This article looks to show the evil of man as embodied in the moral story Young Goodman Brown.  â â â â â â â â â â The metaphorical story was set in the Puritan setting of the mid seventeenth century. The essayist looked to uncover human evil through the principle character. Individuals hole up behind covers to conceal their tracks. In current society individuals take part in a wide range of exercises and utilize their positions, family heritage and childhood as conceal. Goodman is an emblematic portrayal of this. He sets out on an excursion to the witches’ meeting while he declares a childhood that denounces such acts.  â â â â â â â â â â The decision of phrasing, characters and casual articulations, for example, Faith and Young Goodman unequivocally epitomize the dumbfounding idea of man. During the setting of the novel, the Salem preliminaries wherein witches were executed were occurring. Man takes part in rehearses that are scripturally and ethically abhorrent. The clergyman, Deacon Gooking and Goody Cloyse are completely engaged with the clique. This uncovered man’s habit underhanded nature since even the individuals who are seen as the exemplary in the public eye participate in faulty practices.  â â â â â â â â â â The story expressly uncovered imprudences in the public arena. It is likewise a methods in which the author feels for the convictions and society in the Puritan religion. The congregation seniors in the network participate in black magic. The story is ostensibly truly outstanding since it scorns just as uncovered the shrewd idea of man. References Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Youthful Goodman Brown. Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Library, 1996. Source report

Why should we read the book of job today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

For what reason should we read the book of employment today - Essay Example In excess of a perfect work of art of writing, be that as it may, the Book of Job it gives a knowledge on the idea of God, on the relationship of God and man, and an analysis to man’s comprehension of God’s laws. The vast majority would state that the Book of Job gives man a rule on the best way to endure (Copeland 2006; Goldberg 2010), however it is more than that. It serves to answer three of the most troublesome inquiries on affliction: What is languishing? For what reason do individuals endure undeservedly? What sort of exercises can be taken from misery? About THE BOOK OF JOB According to Mark Copeland (2006), the Book of Job has a place with the Books of Poetry, alongside Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon. Much the same as the others, it is written in wonderful style. Its writer is obscure and the date of composing has been fervently bantered among researchers. â€Å"All that can be said with sureness is that the creator is a steadfast Hebre w who was not limited by the famous statement of faith that accepted enduring was consistently an immediate aftereffect of sin† (Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown in Copeland 2006:4). It is frequently alluded to as the â€Å"prime case of Hebrew shrewdness literature† (Waters 1997:436) in light of the fact that it manages various issues never talked about in the past books of the Old Testament: the idea of theodicy1 and a comprehension of the equitable and noble God who permits underserved enduring on the planet. Toward the beginning of the Book, the peruser is acquainted with Job, a man of amazing character who was honored with a gigantic family and a favorable luck. This was then by a debate introduced through a discussion among God and Satan (Job 1:8-11): Has thou considered my hireling Job, that there is none similar to him in the earth, an ideal and upstanding man, one that feareth God, and escheweth malicious? At that point Satan addressed the Lord, and stated, Doth Jo b dread God for nothing? †¦[T]hou hast favored crafted by his hand, and his substance is expanded in the land. Be that as it may, set forth thine hand now, and contact all that he hath, and he will revile thee to thy face To decide the veracity of Satan’s guarantee, God permit Satan to test Job. Employment at that point lost all that he had †his youngsters, his assets, and was even incurred with an affliction. Yet at the same time he stayed reliable and said â€Å"Naked came I out of my mother’s belly, and bare will I return there: the Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away† (Job 1:21). In the wake of relating Job’s trouble, the remainder of the Book relates discussion (addresses actually) among Job and his three companions, Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar. These three companions have prompted him to apologize from his wrongdoings, all things considered, this could be the main explanation he is sufferng. When he has apologized, his companions guaran tee, the Lord’s endowments will be reestablished and he will be prosperous once more. Occupation was obviously, befuddled. He has consistently been devoted to the Lord, and he even requested absolution for his children’s blunders, what mystery sin would he say he was being rebuffed for? After three patterns of addresses wherein Job additionally communicated his disarray: â€Å"Wherefore the underhanded live, become old†¦Their seed built up in their sight with them†¦Their houses are sheltered from fear† (Job 21:7-9), another character, Elihu, is presented. He clarifies why he doesn't talk prior: â€Å"Now Elihu has held up till Job has spoken, in light of the fact that they were senior than he† (Job 32:4). Elihu’s sees about enduring was not normal for the other three companions. Like Job, he realized that he lived by God’

BAE And EADS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BAE And EADS - Essay Example On the other side, the arrangement would prompt political among different complexities. This report will give an investigation of the issues encompassing the proposition for merger of the two organizations. Technique and inspiration investigation Invesco censured the proposed bargain refering to poor terms, state obstruction and absence of key hidden standard. The issues that BAE has raised incorporates the offer buyback program , conceivable deviation from its liberal profit payout just as the questions forced by welcoming Germany and French partners in the arrangement. The sharp cut in the barrier spending by the U.S. is a major blow for EADS and BAE, yet BAE is probably going to endure most in light of the fact that it is profoundly presented to the U.S. barrier advertise. Besides, BAE is encountering a genuine decrease in the interest for the gear it supplies for the US military, which are as of now planning to pull out from Afghanistan. Also, the firm is probably going to endure a major blow following the down-turn of the interest for the Eurofighter Typhoon warrior stream (Ranscombe, 2012). Figure 1: EADS DPS pattern since 2007. As appeared from figure 1 above, as of late EADS has delivered exceedingly high pace of profits, which could be viewed as a significant inspiration for BAE investors to enter the proposed merger (Le Figaro 2001). Securities exchange reaction examinations dependent on share development and collaboration products During the exchanging following the declaration on 12 September, the portions of BAE bounced by 10% to 336.1 pence ($5.41), as appeared in figure 3 beneath. Be that as it may, the portions of EADS plunged by over 10% after the declaration (appeared in figure 2). Afterward, on 13 September, the portions of BAE fell back to only 2% over the level before the bits of gossip rose that the two organizations were intending to combine (Norton-Taylor, 2012). Figure2: EADS share development quickly previously and soon after the decla ration Source: Thomson Reuters through FT Markets Data Figure 3: EADS share development right away previously and not long after the declaration Source: http://markets.ft.com When the reports hit news lines that there was a potential merger between the two organizations, at first, the speculators burst into a rapture that influenced the development of the costs of the portions of the two organizations. Nonetheless, after vulnerability came to fruition, BAE’s shares drafted following a solid post-declaration rally, while the offers at EADS were moving lower (Petroff, 2012). On twelfth September following the declaration, the portions of BAE were exchanging 1 percent lower at 338.90 pence, which was in line the decrease in the more extensive market. As observed from figure 2 and 3 over, the investors’ response was quick, particularly on Thursday when the portions of EADS fell by around 10 percent to â‚ ¬25.15, while those for BAE picked up essentially on Wednesday fol lowing the news that the arrangement is stewing, going up to 337.10 pence in London. Cooperative energy investigation The financial specialists should ask themselves a few inquiries so as to set up whether the merger is a smart thought, including: (1) why is such an enormous merger is the best methods for taking care of the issues the individual organizations are confronting and furthermore open doors for them? (2) Is BAE, which is a top US military contractual worker, the best organization to help EAP accomplish

Writing a Research Paper Introduction

Writing a Research Paper IntroductionIt is easy to lose track of the amount of time, effort and resources that you need to put into writing a research paper introduction. It is very important to your research paper that you start off on the right foot by laying out the topics and key points that you want to cover in your introduction. It can be very difficult to do this. Here are some tips that will help you make it a little easier to write your introduction.Start with a Subject - It is important to first decide what subject matter you will be covering in your introduction. Some people tend to come up with so many ideas that they are just going to end up writing about anything and everything. This can be very frustrating. Start with a topic that you know a lot about. Researching it will allow you to know what areas you need to research.Write a Bold Subject Line - When writing an introduction it is important to start with a bold subject line. You want your reader to read your subject line and decide if they want to continue reading it or not. Your subject line should be just as bold as your main body. It should stand out from the other papers in your file. You can find out the subject lines for each of your research papers on your school's website.Write an Intro and Intermission - Your introduction should come before the first paragraph of your introduction and then be followed by an intermission. This gives you a chance to go over any key points that you feel might need to be touched on. You should also be sure to catch your reader's attention with the overall flow of your paper. The introduction should also highlight your main ideas.Make Sure Your Subject Is Rewarding - When writing a research paper introduction it is important to make sure that your subject is something that your readers will be interested in.Don't write a sports paper if it's going to be an article on academics. Know what you are writing about before writing it. When writing a research paper introduction it is important to make sure that your reader's interest is piqued from the get go. This will help to keep them reading your paper.Come Up With a Memorable Subject - If you are going to be writing a research paper introduction then you have to think outside of the box. You want your subject to be one that your readers will remember and talk about. You want to be able to come up with a topic that can be used as a foundation for your paper.Create an Introduction That is Related to Your Research Paper - If you are writing a research paper introduction then you have to make sure that your paper can be referenced. This is so that you can give your paper credence. Use the topic as a basis for the paper so that it makes sense. It is always helpful to give a brief description of the research paper. But, you don't want to make it too long.Remember when writing a research paper introduction to be concise. Do not just let it overflow with all the details and information. The rese arch paper is meant to be condensed and just short enough to make sense.

Concepting Hult Shanghai discusses new branding methodology Hult Blog

Corporate  Relations at Hult Shanghai kicked off their Module B events series on January  7, 2015 with a full house for  the event CONCEPTING, Creating a Successful Brand.   Charismatic Dutch advertising and marketing expert, Wilbert Kragten, managing partner of BSUR  Shanghai, joined students on campus to discuss concepting, a new way of developing brands. Instead of using traditional product  proposition, market segmentation, and  target groups – concepting starts with discovering a  mentality for the brand.  Wilbert introduced the methodology and its application in China  today, using case studies to illustrate the  importance of concepting and its contribution to the success of strong  brands in China. Kragtens talk covered the guiding  principles of some domestic Chinese brands, from  pure manufacturing entities to global brand  identities. He also revealed that one of the Chinese brands that he and  his team have worked on will be launching its  products in Apple stores across the U.S. this month. Kickstart your career in the commercial center of Asia by studying at Hults Shanghai business school. To find out more, take a look at our blog Meet the Hult alum set to transform the service industry across South America. Download a brochure or get in touch today to find out how Hult can help you to learn about the business world, the future, and yourself. Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Hult Rotation offers you a chance to study in a truly global way. Our rotation program allows you to study and be immersed in some of the finest cities in the world. 📠¸: @jasminmanzano . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . Each year, Hult seeks to enroll a talented and ambitious incoming class from all over the world. We look for diverse students with a wide range of experiences, perspectives, and interests—students who will thrive in our unique educational atmosphere. Are you ready for a truly global experience? 📠¸: @iambrunadiniz . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . We’re excited to start 2020 on a ranking high! Hult is proud to have been placed #28 in Poets Quants 2020 rankings for Best Undergraduate Business Schools in the US. Taking a huge leap of 32 places from our 2019 position, we’re also very happy to have secured top positions in key categories like: life-changing experience, practicality of the degree, and global immersion. . With five global campuses, a student body of over 130 nationalities, and a learn-by-doing approach—Hult offers a student experience like no other. . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . â€Å"I’m from an engineering background and needed a whole new skill set for the industry I wanted to switch to. I learned a lot about myself and how I deal with being out of my comfort zone. I learned both soft and hard skills, from how to work in very diverse teams to key accounting metrics and strategy. I was surprised by how weak I was at certain tasks in English or how strong I actually was in other areas. Hult gave me opportunities to try new things and meet people from places I never thought I would have friends. . My internship experiences gave me the chance to broaden my view of different cultures and different companies. I had the opportunity to work and live with people whose values differed from people in my home country. I thought that this would be difficult, but it gave me the chance to reflect on my own values and assess if they were a result of my home country environment or if they were intrinsically mine. . Diederick ter Kulve (@diederick.terkulve) Netherlands Masters in International Business . Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021 Say a big hello to our Bachelor of Business Administration program cover star, Elisa Orus Plana âÅ" ¨ . â€Å"I’m excited for the future—especially that I cant predict whats going to happen. Maybe Ill end up in Mexico working for a trading company or maybe in Africa, developing my own business. Everything is possible, and the options are constantly changing. I love the idea that Im never going to be stuck doing the same job until the end of my life if I dont want it to be like this. . Hult really supports me and my ambitions and truly believes that we deserve to be considered as professionals as well as students. Here, I get to express not just my opinions but all elements of myself. From my creative side with the Fashion Society to my finance and business sides in Trading Club and the Management Consulting Club. We get a different type of learning here. Not just essential knowledge and theory, but practical skills and mindset. The school is always evolving. We’re encouraged to innovate and to always look for new ways of doing traditional things. We learn how to be more confident and become aware of how we can impact our environment. The school aims to help you become a better version of yourself and to stand out from the crowd.â€Å" . Elisa Orus Plana French Bachelor of Business Administration Class of 2021"> During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. During the final days of 2019, you probably reflected on what you’ve accomplished this year—and even this decade—and what you’d like to achieve in 2020. Let us know in the comments below. â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"The first time we did group work on the program, I went head-to-head with a colleague. It taught me a lot about how I see people, how people see me, and how conflict can be resolved in a kind and productive way. The best feedback you get, when delivered constructively, is the most critical because it really feeds into how you lead. I’ve completely reversed my leadership style—the result is so much richer and more powerful when you lead from behind and lead with strength. . Studying in tandem with working, whilst challenging, gave me the perfect platform to directly apply learning concepts into my business environment, the competitive landscape, and the real-estate industry as a whole. When I started the program, I was very happy in my corporate role. But my courage and aspirations grew to the point that I took on a whole new direction. Having my career coach, Joanna, as a sounding board allowed me to really be strategic and get to know myself. She coached me thro ugh all the interviews, the research, and the questions. It went in parallel with what I was doing academically and after six months everything just clicked. . I went into the EMBA knowing I had nothing to lose and I’ve come out with everything. Great strength, global friends, amazing learning, mentors from professors, a job I love, and the knowledge that I can set my mind to achieve anything and with the right support and resources I’ll get there.† . Kashani Wijetunga British, New Zealand Sri Lankan Associate Director Senior Strategy Consultant CBRE EMBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . â€Å"It was now or never. I knew that I’d have likely stayed in my neighborhood for years to come if I didn’t take this opportunity. I’d not lived or studied outside of the U.S. before. So I left my job as a global strategist at an advertising agency and moved halfway around the world. I’ve come back a more culturally aware, well-versed person. I’ve realized that everything is a learning experience and an opportunity for growth. Ill definitely carry this mindset with me into the future. Technology and social media allow us to be different people in several places at once. Im excited to see how I can establish myself in whatever city Ill be lucky enough to call home and still maintain deep connections with people all over the world. I’m inspired by my classmates every day. Hearing some of their life stories and how getting this degree fits into their greater mission has been very humbling. My biggest challenge has been finding the ‘right’ path for me. There have been rooms Ive felt like I shouldnt be in, but now Im proud to feel as though I truly belong, wherever I am.† . Dwayne Logan, Jnr. American MBA Class of 2019 . Happy New Year, Hultians! . Happy New Year, Hultians! .

Human Resource Accounting - 8122 Words

Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies Human resource accounting and international developments: implications for measurement of human capital Maria L. Bullen Clayton State University Kel-Ann Eyler Wesleyan College Abstract Human Resource Accounting (HRA) involves accounting for expenditures related to human resources as assets as opposed to traditional accounting which treats these costs as expenses that reduce profit. Interest and contributions to growth in HRA have been evident in a number of countries. The strong growth of international financial reporting standards (IFRS) is an indication that the environment for international financial accounting is one that potentially encourages the consideration of alternative†¦show more content†¦Brummet, Flamholtz Pyle (1969) focused on HRA as a tool for increasing managerial effectiveness in the acquisition, development, allocation, maintenance, and utilization of its human resources. The authors’ work represented one of the first attempts to develop a system of accounting for a firm’s investments and studied the application of HRA in R.G. Barry Company, a public entrepreneurial firm. The early work in HRA provided inspiration for the next phase of early HRA development, basic academic research developing measurement models. Interest in HRA was evident in the many studies conducted since its inception, as noted in Sackmann, Flamholtz Human Resource Accounting, Page 2 Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies Bullen (1989), Flamholtz, Bullen Hua (2002), and Flamholtz,Kannan-Narasimhan Bullen (2004. Human Resource Accounting and International Financial Reporting Standards In recent years United States GAAP has been moving toward adoption of more complex measurement methods in financial reporting compared with the traditional historical cost approach to asset measurement, including a focus on the measurement of the time value of money and present value calculations. Meeting, Luecke Garceau (2001, p. 57) indicate that in many cases the expected cash flow approach is a better measurement tool than traditional methods, and that CPAs should use it to report asset and liability values in the absence of specific contractualShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Accounting -Conceptual Framework3297 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"Human Resource Accounting – an intangible asset : Comparative Correlation analysis of disclosures in Annual Repor ts† 1. Introduction: In present scenario, despite the global change, Human Resource Accounting is major issue for research analysis in management. Human resource has always been taken as a ‘soft light issue’ whose contribution generally can not be measured in monetary terms. There is no role of recording investments, benefits rendered by employees, valuation accounting of humanRead MoreHuman Resource Accounting Essay2443 Words   |  10 PagesHuman Resource Accounting Essay The success and failure of an entity will depend on how effectively it utilizes its available resources. Managers must attempt to optimize the acquisition, allocation and development of the assets of the firm. Managers always equate assets to the physical and financial assets of the firm and often ignore the most important and the key element to the success of the organization – its employees. 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A Report On Foodborne Disease - 1506 Words

According to foodborne disease Annual reports in New Zealand of 2014, about 524 cases (49.9%) of foodborne disease were recorded in commercial food operator settings like restaurants, takeaways, mobile stalls, supermarkets and other food outlet (Annual report concerning foodborne disease in New Zealand, 2014). This shows that there were high number of outbreaks reported in New Zealand related to food bacteria’s and micro-organisms. As there were many foodborne outbreaks noted in New Zealand, government has set some strict food safety laws and regulations in the country. According to the report from New Zealand food safety authority; people who manufacture, handle, prepare or sell food from any mobile food stall are subject to food safety laws and regulations. It is illegal to sell food which is not safe which can cause illness to the customer. Food stalls and mobile food truck should have food and safety licence to operate so that the local health department can track the truck for inspection and the grades provided to the truck helps to increase the sale of the product and assured customers to eat safe and healthy meal on board. Employees should maintain good personal hygiene (use gloves while handling the food, use hair caps to avoid contamination, work tops and sinks must be kept clean) (New Zealand food safety authority, 2016). This shows that the New Zealand government works hard to control the foodborne o utbreaks reported in the country by starting new food safety lawsShow MoreRelatedFoodborne Illness Is A Major Public Health Problem1404 Words   |  6 PagesFoodborne illness, which can also be known as foodborne disease, foodborne infection, or foodborne intoxication, is a major public health problem. All of the aforementioned refer to an illness developed after eating contaminated food (Robert Friis, 2012, p279). 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The Persecution Of Visible Minorities - 1935 Words

As previously stated, the persecution of visible minorities has occurred throughout Canadian history. Canadian history is plagued with examples of persecution and racism against visible minorities, specifically Canadian history has exhibited overt forms of persecution that exist on an institutional level, such as the segregation of Aboriginals in residential schools and the internment camps that held Japanese Canadians. Current persecution of racialized individuals has become more concealed and now exists through hurtful stereotypes and individual forms of racism and persecution that occurs between individual citizens and groups. Policy surrounding persecution and racism towards racialized minorities exist on municipal, provincial, and federal levels. Using the example of a hate crime taking place in Alberta, municipal policy would outline the persecution of racialized individual as a crime, provincial legislation also outlines this action as a human rights violation, and the Crimina l Code of Canada outlines this particular crime. Therefore, all three levels of government have policies and legislations that discuss and outline this particular human rights violation, however the municipal government as well as the provincial government are the jurisdictions that would handle this particular crime. Although all jurisdictions outline the persecution of racialized individuals, hate crimes and human rights violations, depending on the severity, would be handle by the provincialShow MoreRelatedThe Prevalence Of Physical And Sexual Violence Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesand those perceived as falling under such umbrellas, exist under the constant reality of surveleivence. 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Racism in the 1930s Essay - 1135 Words

Racism in the 1930s The 1930s was a time of change for the blacks of the United States of America. However, this change was not all for the better. The main change for blacks during this period was that many of them migrated to the North, which in turn, caused many other situations, which included the election of President Roosevelt. This was a positive, as was the improvement from the de jure segregation, when laws allow segregation, of the South to the less harsh segregation of the North. The blacks made advancements during this time, yet there were still many more to make. Before and during some of the thirties, America was a completely segregated society, which was supported by both the law and the police who enforced it.†¦show more content†¦This was a time in which numerous amounts of blacks moved from the Southern states, to the Northern and Western states in search of better jobs, better schools and less racism (Segregation in the United States 5-9). Between 1910 and 1930 alone, 1 million blacks moved to the North. Because of the great number of blacks in the North, they still did not find many open jobs and, and lived in dirty and run-down places. Crime, despair and poverty all became normal to the black community (African Americans 2). Because many of the black people had moved to cities, it made the number of blacks grow in certain areas, giving them the amount of power needed to elect officials. The blacks influence on the outcome of the political races were realized by the politicians, who began to support civil rights and oppose segregation. Blacks began to win many votes as well, which quickened the the pace of civil rights and changed the political landscape (Segregation in the United States 10). The blacks migrating to the North did not have all positive results though. Most of the blacks looking for jobs were under-qualified, leaving only such jobs as laborers or servants open, which was much like th eir jobs in the South. And those who found a job were lucky to have a job at all, because many blacks could find no job, leaving them to live with other job-less blacks in unsanitary and run-down housing. This type of housing grew, creating black slums, or ghettos,Show MoreRelatedPrejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesto learn about society as illustrated in her novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ set in 1930’s America. In this essay I will give my opinions on why in ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’, Harper Lee included a lot of prejudice and controversial issues in the 1930’s. Also I will explore the ideas of why she would want the readers of the book in future generations to learn about the kinds of society in America in the 1930’s. 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Learning the past injustice that has happened can help structure the way todays world is but history can repeat itself. Rape, racism and many more acts of hate are still not dealt with just like back in the 1930 s where both of these novels took place. Both of these novels conversant one of the most egregious injustices; rape. Rape has always been erroneous. In The Color Purple the novel begins with Celie describing beingRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Academic Analysis Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The worst sin of all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The academic analysis of the discrimination, racism, and prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird. Extra, Extra, read all about it! Negro Tom Robinson get what he deserves! Now that peoples attention has been grabbed, lets talk about To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee. To Kill a Mockingbird (or TKAM) is set in the small town of Maycomb, Alabama in the 1930s. It follows the adventures of Jean Louise ,or better known as Scout, and her older brother Jem. 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The racial tension in the 1930s was so serious that even when blacks did do well, they wereRead MoreRacism, Racism And Discrimination1366 Words   |  6 PagesRacism and discrimination, with or without recognition or existence of the label that is tied to itself, has always been a large part of society that can be dated all the way back to the Fall of Man. It is apparent in books, such as To Kill a Mockingbird, and is expressed throughout the world today. In the early 1900s, racial discrimination was still very prominent, but has slowly digressed until recent years where it has taken new forms. The historical context, the distinguished novel To Kill a

The Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage - 2317 Words

Anthony J. Cavataio PHL 118: Intro to Philosophy 8/14/14 Gary Fuller One of the most heated and debated topics today is the legalization of same-sex marriage. No matter where you look, people are always expressing their opinion on this issue. Politicians, athletes, and celebrities are some of the many people who continually come out with either support or opposition of same-sex marriage. History has shown that issues regarding equality and rights take time to move forward. The women’s suffrage movement and the civil rights movement are both prime examples of the effort and time it takes for movements to become accepted by everyone in the general public. These movements involve many of the same dynamics that make up the push for the legalization of same-sex marriage. People come together and have parades or demonstrations, public figures make their opinions known, and slowly but surely the government enforces change. Today, there are many factors that go into the debate of legalizing same-sex marriage. The debate expands much farther beyond the idea of whether or not same-sex marriage is morally right or wrong. This decision includes reevaluating previous ideas of what traditional marriage is, involves instituting new laws, and changing part of the public’s opinion on the idea of same-sex marriage itself. As with all issues that are faced by people, there many are pros and cons that need to be considered before making the big decisions of legalizing same-sex marriage.Show MoreRelatedLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesKaye Shannelle Romuar Alfritz Arevalo Angelika Figueroa Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage I. Introduction Same-sex marriage can also be called gay marriage. This is a marriage between two males or two females, in either a religious setting or in a civil ceremony. Same-sex unions are recorded in the history of a number of cultures but this type of marriage is rare, or doesn’t exist in other cultures .The first law that provided same-sex marriage for the people was in 2001 in the Netherlands. As of JulyRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage1594 Words   |  7 PagesWhy The Nationwide Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage Will Greatly Benefit The Economy Same-sex marriage has been a long debated issue in the United States. Since the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage in countries such as Holland, Belgium, and Canada American gay couples have been pushing harder for equal marriage rights under the law. Opponents claim that allowing same-sex unions would not only lead to less stable marriages and higher divorce rates for heterosexual couples, but also precipitateRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage930 Words   |  4 Pagesof legalizing same-sex marriage all across the nation, after years of social, political, and cultural mobilizations of members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community and allies. However, this achievement is not an end it itself. Leaders of the marriage equality movement, as well as community members, ask: Now what? This proposed project attempts to provide an answer for this question by looking at the perceived impact of the legalization of same-sex marriage among Black LG BTsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage938 Words   |  4 PagesRights To All Most people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. A citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the same rights as any American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Lesbians, gays, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even ifRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of same-sex marriage is a hot topic in the U.S. approving, it in all fifty states can be harmful to the country. Same-sex marriage should not have been legalized in the United States. First, legalizing can be harmful to the society, Second, same-sex marriage it always denies a child a father or a mother, Third, legalizing It Offends some religions and violates tradition. In addition, It means all citizens should have understood of the consequences before making the decision. OneRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1411 Words   |  6 PagesNikta Kalatari Writing Assignment #1 The proposead legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of AmericanRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1294 Words   |  6 Pages The Legalization of Homosexual Marriage Brandon Taylor Wichita State University Gay marriage, also known as homosexual or same-sex marriage, has been a major topic in our country ever since it was allowed in Massachusetts whenever the state’s Supreme Court ruled the ban as unconstitutional. It was legalized in thirty seven of the fifty states before the Supreme Court’s ruling on June 26, 2015 that it was unconstitutional to deny marriage to a same sex couple (ProCon.org, 2015). The Merriam-WebsterRead MoreThe Legalization of Same Sex Marriage 1623 Words   |  6 Pageshow the citizens value their morals. An every day American would think that being with the same sex is not normal, or is frowned upon. Recent studies show that half of all Americans believe that gay men and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry (Craighill). Same-sex marriage has caused many conflicts around the country and even the world with multiple stand points. World views on same-sex marriage are changing day to day. â€Å"Of the 15 countries worldwide to permit gay m en and lesbians to marryRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriages1390 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Same Sex Marriages As a Muslim, in my opinion same sex marriage is not right and same sex marriage should not be legalized. Out of this statement comes the question: what is the purpose and meaning of marriage. Can we ever explain marriage in the context of a bond between two males or two females. Can this relationship be called a â€Å"Marriage†? Whether we disguise this relationship with the label of marriage, does it become accepted into society as a real marriage? Or are we foolingRead MoreLegalization of Same Sex Marriage9779 Words   |  40 PagesTHE LEGALIZATION OF SAME SEX MARRIAGE AS ASSESED BY CITHM STUDENTS S.Y. 2011-2012 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of International Tourism And Hospitality Management LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism By Ang, Dianne Marie M. Bayot, Donalynne B. October 2011 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION    In our generation today, homosexuals

Public Administration Public Affairs ( Nicholas Henry ) free essay sample

Critical review of work on public management methodologies techniques policy formulation implementation. The purpose of this research is to review the book by Nicholas Henry, entitled Public Administration and Public Affairs (1995). This review will analyze the central themes of the work and address its strengths and weaknesses. Henry begins by explaining the role of public bureaucracy and public administration in democratic society. He notes that bureaucracy and democracy are in fact antithetical. Bureaucracy tends to be hierarchical in nature and elitist. Democracy, on the other hand, tends to be egalitarian in nature. But in order for a democratic society to function properly, the bureaucracy and democracy must be reconciled (p. 1). Bureaucracy represents the technological elite, the body of persons skilled in how to get things done. The democratic mass is charged with determining the direction of public policy, but it is the skilled..

Cognitive Development of Infants & Young Children

Question: Discuss your understanding of the developmental milestones to discuss how you would address the "movement as a basic need" in an early childhood education environment. Describe which resources need to be available to plan these physical experiences for children 0-8 years. Answer: A thorough understanding of the milestone development facilitates an ongoing process of learning to the child and integration of the movement as a basic need in a child education. Movement constitutes one of the essential aspects of every child's life. All the interaction of a child entails movement. Child development researchers agree that every child progress through given developmental locomotor stages. However, some children achieve these developmental stages than others due to their different rate of development. The significance of motor activities to children, therefore, makes movement an essential component of the early childhood education environment. Teachers and parents therefore should encourage motor activities that will enhance full participation in the class as well as movement that enable the child to acquire new skills. The paper inquires on how movement is a basic need in an early childhood education environment. Further, the paper will describe the resources necess ary to plan the physical experience for children between 0-8 years. Movement contributes significantly to the development of a child, not only physically but in other areas such as in communication, social, emotions and in the intellectual development. The integral development of a child, therefore, can be well founded if they are oriented in all these areas of development from their tender age. Motor activities act as the simple foundation to develop all these aspects. During involvement in the minor motor activities children skills in communication, cognitive, social, and emotional are sharpened and applied. This illustration indicates that the benefits children derive from movements during the early childhood education are immense. Some of the motor activities children can be engaged in include dance and music, physical fitness, cooperative games or individual and group activities. In childhood education environment dance and music can involve acts such singing and dancing to the familiar children tunes. Other motor activities may require specific types of equipment to ensure a meaningful physical experience (Rivkin, 2006). Motor activities in childhood education setup are intended to inculcate a given skills, therefore, require resources. Some of the resources needed to instill important skill to children between 0-8 years include skipping rope which is essential for physical fitness. By use of a skipping rope children may involve in activities such as jumping, twisting, and simple stretching. Other pieces of equipment which are essential may include bean bags, air mattresses, tires, balloons, beam balances, tunnels, and balls. The named equipment are necessary for facilitating motor skills such as jumping, walking, and running as well as enhancing ball skills. The availability of the above resources ensures children are involved in simple and singular activities in nature. Efforts must be made to minimize competition in the movement while attempting the activity is emphasized over exactness of the movement (Bulman Savory, 2006). In conclusion, all children in early childhood education environment should be allowed the opportunities to engage in motor activities. The movement activities have been proven helpful to children and especially in developing essential skills in life. It is worthy to note that during motor activities, the child develops to form an integral human being who is well developed socially, intellectually, emotionally, and physically. References Bulman, K., Savory, L. (2006). BTEC First: Children's Care Learning and Development. Pearson Education Limited. Developmental Charts. [Online] Available at: https://teacher.scholastic.com/products/ect/behavior_development/dev_charts.htm, [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Understanding Children's Development. [Online] Available at:https://www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/FEAndVocational/Childcare/BTEC/ BTECFirstChildrensCareLearningandDevelop/Samples/SampleMaterial/UCD%20Unit%201.pdf. [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Rivkin, M. S. (2006). Cover Story: Let's Move Together!. Early Childhood Today (1), 20(6), 32- 38. Significant child development milestones. . [Online] Available at: https://www.growingchild.com/milestones.html. [Accessed 13 September 2016].

Sample Essay Midwinter Nights Dream

Sample Essay Midwinter Night's DreamIf you are having trouble writing a sample essay midsummer night's dream and need a little inspiration, here are some tips for you. Get inspired and write a full blown college essay with our five tips for a sample essay midsummer night's dream.You can do this no matter what your writing level is or how long your college degree is, whether you are an undergraduate, graduate, or doctorate student, by starting with a six paragraph essay on any topic. Simply fill it in with the extra detail that you can supply. You do not have to be a professional writer to complete this task.This is also a great opportunity to make the most of all the resources that you already have at your disposal and to learn more about what is necessary for a comprehensive outline to get you off to a good start. With this mindset you will know what to take from these resources so that you have the perfect writing sample essay midsummer night's dream.There are so many tips for a sa mple essay midsummer night's dream. It might be helpful to talk to someone who has written a full-length dissertation in college on the topic you are planning to write about. A PhD student would probably be very willing to give advice and pointers that will help you a lot when it comes to brainstorming for the sample essay midsummer night's dream.Remember that when you are going through this process of brainstorming for the writing sample essay midsummer night's dream, you should never ever rush. Just take your time to make sure that you have the correct framework for your outline and then go at it slowly and methodically. When you can finally get it all done and ready to submit, be sure to let someone else see it first.Another tip for a sample essay midsummer night's dream is to use the fewest number of sources possible. One source per paragraph is the maximum and you can keep track of where each source is coming from. Only include facts and ideas that are relevant to your essay to pic.Use the tools available for your essay samples such as worksheets, audio tapes, graphs, charts, images, and any other references that you could find that are related to your topic. Always remember that a well-written sample essay is one that has been thought about and researched thoroughly. This means that you need to not only make sure that you have the right structure for your essay but that you also include the right amount of research material.These are just a few tips for a sample essay midsummer night's dream. Take them all into consideration before you start writing. One thing is for sure, this may be the beginning of a new chapter in your life, not only as a student but as a person.

Success of Singapore Airlines Essay Example

Success of Singapore Airlines Essay Since its official formation dating back to 1947, Singapore Airlines have founded its business on world-class service quality in the airline industry. Such a reputation is built on core aspects of the airlines service delivery which includes features like the friendly service, prompt flights and in-flight entertainment system. As consumers, we only see these final outcomes and therefore, often forget that these qualities are a product of much planning, trial and of course teamwork. The efficient, continuous use of teams throughout the business is a fundamental tool in which Singapore airlines is able to deliver `quality to its customers. More specifically it is the way that the team operates and the values instilled within those teams that make them so effective. By designing and training these teams to be highly motivated, creative, able to communicate and equipped with comprehensive decision making skills, Singapore Airlines are able to achieve high performance. Team Design First and foremost lets examine how SIAs team is designed. Firstly, the issue of task interdependence can be applied. Task interdependence is the degree which a task requires employees to share common inputs or outcomes, or requires them to interact in the process of executing their work. We will write a custom essay sample on Success of Singapore Airlines specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Success of Singapore Airlines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Success of Singapore Airlines specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In relation to how SIA operates we can certainly see a high level of interdependence. For example, when customers arrive at the airport they have to check-in through the counter. If there are delays at this stage, personnel in customs and onboard the plane may have to deal with agitated customers and subsequently run into difficulties. The check-in staff sets the foundation for the service provision to begin and therefore employees from that point onwards are dependant on its efficiency. It is also important to note that Singapore airlines staff have aligned goals of providing top quality customer service. Such an outcome is made possible by the utislisation of various training centers within the company which unifies employee direction and motivation (Cabin Crew, Flight Operations, Commercial and Management Development). Team Size and Composition is also relevant. IN terms of team size SIA is able to achieve efficiency by appropriately building `right size teams. What this implies is that the team size is optimal for efficiency in that they are large enough to perform the necessary tasks and small enough to maintain efficient coordination. An example of this is the 15-20 onboard hosts/hostesses who are onboard the B777-200 aircraft. This allocated team size is appropriate for the environment in that it allows for the employees to be able to communicate with each other effectively and also perform all the tasks needed. Singapore Airlines also promotes team diversity. One of their most notable team design characteristics is how they effectively use both homogenous and heterogeneous teams. For example, heterogeneous teams are utilised in their Product Innovation Department which requires more complex decision making whereas homogenous teams are used more on the operational level (onboard) as they tend to be more effective in the response time and emergency problems. COMMUNICATION Singapore Airlines attaches a very high priority to the concept of communication in their operating activities. This stance predominates because they view their employees, contractors and agents as critical components of their success. The application of communication in regards to this company can be broken into two parts, external and internal. External communication refers to the airlines ability to influence its reputation and its portrayal to customers. It also refers to improving customer relations with innovations in physical communication. External communication has been as integral to Singapore Airlines success, if not more, than internal communication. Singapore Airlines prioritised in consistent brand image to the public. This strategy has been used by the company in all its communication vehicles to the public. They achieved this through the iconic `Singapore Girl. The primary message Singapore Airlines A Great Way to Fly has been consistently conveyed in exclusive print media and also in selected TV-commercials of very high production value to underline the quality aspirations of brand. But all these messages are featured through the iconic Singapore Girl in different themes and settings. The result of this is reduced information overload. By simplifying their message, and introducing non-verbal cues like the smiling Singapore girl, the message has less chance to be affected by noise, and becomes universal, transcending cultures. Everyone understands a smile. The Girl is the personification of the great service, and is the brand identity. The Airline also makes a concerted effort to stay in touch with customers through in-flight surveys, customer focus groups and rapid replies to every compliment or complaint they receive. The company then consolidates this input with other key data to create a quarterly `Service Performance Index that is very closely watched throughout the airline. This increased communication with the passengers increases relation, in the sense that passengers identify more with the company. Frequent flyers are also distributed, connected with special messages, attractive offers and publications sent regularly to Priority Passenger Service members. Overall, the airline makes an effort to always communicate with passengers, to ensure the right message is conveyed, and that any feedback received is clearly understood and worked on. Internal communication refers to Singapore Airlines ability to facilitate effective feedback and integration between employees and management. They do this by exploring various channels and mediums in which to communicate, and making an effort to raise stakeholders awareness of the workings of the company. The company itself, subsidiaries included, is a large organization, with more than 28,000 staff located around the world. To facilitate communication between employees, regular dialogue sessions between management and staff keeps communication flowing. They rely on both verbal and non-verbal communication. These sessions take the form of regular meetings and briefings. They also actively encourage the use of intranet to communicate regularly. The company holds semi-annual business meetings, as well as end of year meetings. This means that situations concerning rich medium, non-routine, ambiguous information can be transmitted and discussed through the regular meetings, whereas the routine, clear information can be sent as documents through email. Employees have direct access to management through the intranet, making it easier for information to circulate around the organisation. The intranet also erases the social status of employees relative to management, which has the effect of empowering them. Management also seems very responsive and attentive to issues relating to employees, becoming in effect, very active listeners. This ensures that whatever message is being debated between persons is clarified and understood, minimising conflicts and negative issues. Of the things discussed between management and employees include sharing and evaluating results in sales, marketing, yields and customer satisfaction levels. The company also initiates a program called `Staff Ideas in Action. This scheme ensures that new suggestions for improvement are constantly put forward by employees, for management to review. Singapore Airlines recognises that its employees are the `sensors of the organisation, and that they are the ones who are on the ground floor who know how things work, and how to improve it. The company pays a particular interest in maintaining effective internal management because they recognise that it is a key organisational concept, integral for success. Because of the size of the company, and the reaches it has over the globe, the airline is immensely rich in cultural terms. For example, the company currently has pilots from 25 different countries. Although the cross cultural diversity may hamper communication in normal circumstances, Singapore Airlines have countered the problem with by creating more opportunities for employees to communicate. To keep everyone on the same wavelength, the company publishes a variety of department newsletters, websites and a monthly company-wide magazine. These publications ensure that employees from different cultures all understand how the company is run, its outtake on the future, and how to further work together to produce a seamless and consistently positive customer experience. DECISION MAKING Effective decision-making is integral in achieving organisational success. Singapore Airlines demonstrates how a coherent team environment fosters innovation and ultimately maximises the effectiveness of decision-making. The key to SIAs success is their high level of employee involvement despite the size of the organisation. Employee involvement in decision-making is beneficial in that it enables better problem identification, diverse choice generation, increases probability of selecting the best alternative and increases commitment to the decision. In regard to the `model of employee involvement in decision-making, the contingencies of employee involvement in SIA facilitate participative management thus SIA is able to reap the benefits of employee involvement. Due to the often-unpredictable nature of the airline industry, many decisions that need to be made are non-programmed. The Senior Vice President responsible for cabin crew, Mr. Sim Kay Wee, emphasises the importance of individual employees decisions in optimising customer satisfaction and encourages employees to make innovative decisions, as opposed to following guidelines regimentally, in order to overcome unforeseen problems. The `Deputy Chairmans Award has been introduced as a prestigious annual reward for outstanding individual or team response to a `unique customer situation. This emphasis on the importance of employee involvement in decision-making motivates employees to continuously strive for excellence. As SIA is operating within a service industry, the source of decision knowledge is often subordinates who have more intimate contact with customers, rather than those in management positions. Mr. Yap Kim Wah, Senior Vice President responsible for product and service asserts that employee feedback is one of the most valuable inputs to decision-making as they have the most direct interaction with customers and can help identify problems that may otherwise be overlooked. It is this willingness to address problems at all levels that has enabled SIA to achieve seamless consumer satisfaction. SIA has also acknowledged that decision commitment is improved by participation. Accordingly, they encourage employee participation through corporate newsletters, regular staff meetings and recognising staff members who have actively contributed in decision-making processes. Employee involvement also reduces the risk of conflict over a decision made. A common issue that arises in organisations is that employee goals conflict with organisational goals. SIA have worked to ensure that this is not a risk factor within their organisation as they constantly strive to align employees with the organisation as a whole. This can be seen in the values underpinning SIAs mission statement whereby staff are described as valuable and there is a focus on providing them with fulfilling careers, there is also an emphasis on viewing the organisation as a `worldwide team. Such a corporate culture reduces the likelihood of conflict when decisions are made. As already mentioned, SIA succeeds in promoting a high level of creativity in their organisation. Such a creative work environment is made possible through various initiatives from upper management which is filtered down through the business. Firstly, SIA has achieved organisational support through tolerating mistakes. The corporate culture encourages giving new ideas a try and if they dont work out they are removed from service. They place more value on amending mistakes made than not taking any risks at all for example the introduction of fax machines was unsuccessful. Additionally, the aforementioned emphasis on communication within the organisation and job security (through performance appraisal, training and development, and promotional opportunities) also enhance organisational support. Another factor in achieving a creative work environment is providing intrinsically motivating work. The `team concept was developed in order to achieve this. The concept is concerned with viewing each cabin crew as a team unit in order to develop camaraderie between members. This also enables more individual evaluation and means good performance can be rewarded with ease. The concept aims to increase empowerment and a sense of belonging to the organisation. SIA also encourages informal pressure, which has resulted in increased levels of discussion between various levels within the organisation leading to new ways of approaching problems and ideas. Evidently, Singapore Airlines is a prime example of how the encouragement of a team environment facilitates decision-making within an organisation. Employee involvement in decision-making has been a major contributing factor in SIAs success. Additionally, such involvement also serves to foster innovation and divergent thinking thus enabling SIA to continuously meet and exceed consumer expectations and maintain a competitive advantage. CREATIVITY Singapore airline is successful in Asians fiercely competitive airplane service industry because it relies on creativity for innovative new services. Creativity is the development of original ideas that make a socially recognized contribution. Such a concept is integrated into the company through its Product Innovation Department which focuses on anticipating needs consumers didnt even know they had. An example of this is SIAs have pioneering of the in-flight experiential and entertainment systems. Their in-flight entertainment system (IFEs) `Krisworld was developed in 1997 and significantly raised the standard in that department. Prior to that, only Emirates and Virgin airlines had IFEs and they were expensive and had limited options. Singapores Krisworld offered a significantly broader entertainment experience including Krisvision which offered over 50 different viewing options SIA was also the first to introduce hot meals, free alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, hot towels with a unique and patented scent, fax machines on board, telephones in every seat, personal entertainment systems, and video-on-demand in all cabins. Furthermore, they were the first to introduce the alert service, which sends short text message informing the customer of flight arrivals and delays. In addition, Singapore Airlines introduced its Suites in a class beyond First, together with cabin improvements in all other classes while still providing excellent service. The company keeps driving innovation as an important part of the brand, and the cabin ambience and combined experience are key factors of SIA success. Organizational conditions supporting creativity SIA leaders also maintain a work environment that supports the creative rocess for everyone. SIA has the task of trying to create esprit de corps among its cabin crew, cabin crews, as a unit, flying and working together, allows them to build camaraderie, and crew members feel like they are part of team, not just a number, they tend to be more creative when they believe that their work has a substantial impact on the organization. Cabin crew can directly gather information from customer to know what their needs and wants. They pursue novel ideas, which can improve and sustain service excellence through understanding customers and anticipating their needs, In addition, the team leader will get to know cabin crews strengths and weaknesses well, and will become their mentor and their counsel, when team member get new idea about improving services. The team leader support authority and encourages team members to take initiative and â€Å"have a go†. They encourage team members to try-it-out, make-it-work and see-it-through. Not every innovation succeeds, and some are eventually removed from service (the fax machines are long gone), team leader tolerate mistakes and recognize the reasonable mistakes as part of creativity process. Even if unsuccessful, the leader insists no one should be punished for taking initiative and trying new services. Singapore Airlines recognizes that each innovation has a relatively short life span. Once other airlines adopt it, it is no longer considered innovative. Therefore, the airline continues to invest heavily in R, innovation and technology as an integrated part of the business strategy to further differentiate itself. MOTIVATION Based on MARS model, motivation is one of the four important elements that contribute or influence individual behavior. Motivation is the cognitive, decision making process through which goal-directed behavior is initiated, energized and maintained. It will determine direction, intensity as well as persistence. How SIA staffs can achieve such a high motivation? These can be explained by a number of motivation theories. If we look at historical approaches, SIA does not follow the traditional approach such as scientific management which only emphasizes on wage incentive and management control. Instead, it uses the human relation approach in motivating its staffs. It believes that fulfillment of individuals needs and making them feel useful and important are more important than giving out monetary incentive. It belief, the illusion of involvement and importance will motivate its staffs more in performing their jobs. In SIA, staffs are regularly appraised for their performance and potential. Furthermore, high- flyers are identified and given opportunity to learn and grow. This make them to feel valued, thus, motivated to work harder. Basically, theory of motivation can be divided into two parts. First, the content theories of motivation which identify the motives for our behavior and second is the process theories of motivation which explain the reasons why we are motivated to act in certain way. For the content theories of motivation, by referring to the four drive theory, SIA staffs are motivated to join SIA, to perform their job very well and to achieve the company goals due to their drive to acquire, drive to learn and drive to bond. SIA lets its staffs to deal with customers on a one-to-one basis. By dealing with different type of customers in different circumstances, they will be able to gain a lot of experiences, thus, meet their drive to acquire. They will also be able to satisfy their drive to learn in SIA since in SIA, training is not a `one time affair. In meeting customers increasing expectation, SIA provides four training centers within the organization. These centers offer a wide range of educational programs whether in classroom, on the job or through full scale simulations. On top of that, SIA also could meet ones drive to bond that is form relationship and social commitment. SIA is a large company with more than 28000 staffs which located all over the world and comes from different background. This enables its staffs to mix around and work together in giving their best service to customers. All these drive motivate them to remain in SIA and perform well. For the process theories of motivation, expectancy theory can be applied in SIA context in explaining the reason why its staffs are motivated to do their job very well. This theory says that motivation depends on how much you like or want something and how likely you think you are able to get it. In SIA, its staffs believe their efforts will increase their performance which then will be recognized and rewarded by SIA. And most of the rewards are valued and liked by these staffs which include increased pay, increased position and the annual `Deputy Chairmans Award. Therefore, they are always motivated to work towards SIA goal. Apart from that, referring to goal-setting theory, specific goal lead to higher level of motivation and performance. SIA fundamental mission or goal is clear to its entire staff which is to provide high quality service to their customers. This is why its staffs are always on the right track. Apart from that, SIA also motivate its staffs through job design. According to Herzbergs motivator-hygiene theory, job design can affect staffs satisfaction or dissatisfaction and in turn affect their motivation. SIA does job rotation whereby there is frequent rotation amongst top positions in the organization. As a result, there is management team with great and shared understanding of the `big picture of the organization and with the commitment to do what is best for customers and the business as a whole. It also uses the job enrichment strategy where it establishes client relationship and put the staffs in direct contact with clients. Last but not least, SIA motivates its staffs through training and investment. For example, SIA undertakes a teamwork project. The objective of this project is to develop specific skills associated with effective cross-functional working across the airlines Flight Operation, Cabin Crew, Engineering and Airport Management department and to avoid `silo mentality within the organization which personnel in one department take little consideration for the requirement of other departments. PERFORMANCE/CONCLUSION Now, I am going to talk about applied motivational practices used by SIA. As mentioned before, SIA has a financial rewards system as one means of motivating its staff. Bonuses are paid according to the profitability of the company, which is employed throughout the entire company, no matter the level of seniority. As a result there is a lot of informal pressure for each other to perform from everybody. SIA has also adopted a Performance-based Reward system in the form of recognition, which is used to encourage good service. The â€Å"Deputy Chairmans Award† is given yearly to teams or individuals for responding to unique customer situations with an exceptionally positive, innovative or selfless act of service. This award carries no financial benefit, but is considered as the most prestigious of all awards in the airline. Winners and their families are flown to Singapore for a special dinner celebration, the story of their unique efforts is published in the monthly Outlook magazine, and their personal status as a Deputy Chairmans Award Winner remains a badge of distinction for life. The company considers recognition as being essential to functioning of a successful company, believing â€Å"a good pat on the back, a good ceremony, photographs and write-ups in the newsletters. They also award a special badge for those individuals who have received a lot of passenger compliments. They recognise our heroes and heroines. † The performing stage of team development is critical to the accomplishment of tasks. Singapore airlines is an example of a high-performance team, and this is exemplified by the airline being named as winner of the prestigious â€Å"Airline of the Year† title not once but twice, and most recently last year. A high performance team is one where members are highly co-operative, have a high-level of trust in each other, are committed to the group objectives and identify with the team, all of which are demonstrated by SIA. Their successes may be attributed to their team concept a workforce of 6,600 members is divided into small units of 13 people, with a team leader placed in charge. These teams can be thought of as Self-Directed Work Teams. The teams are rostered to fly together as often as possible which creates camaraderie The team leader plays an important role in establishing the Self-directed work team structure they get to know all team members well, including their strengths and weaknesses. This assists in the assignment of tasks whilst on board a flight. For example a team member with stronger speaking skills or more experience will be given the duty of announcing the in-flight emergency procedures at the beginning of the flight. The team leader is also a mentor and counsel to the members of the team, and, someone to whom they can turn if they need help or advice. A team leader is also essential in providing team-level feedback and rewards their staff appraisals are meticulous and detailed of each staff member. This is important in identifying the need for re-training in some areas and if a member has performed particularly well, the possibility of a promotion. As discussed before, Singapore Airlines has been internationally recognized as one of worlds leading carriers. Not only making profit every year (the group made $675 million in the third quarter of the financial year 2007-2008), SIA also frequently wins international awards for top flight quality and service including the 2007 Skytrax Airline of the Year Award voted by over 14 million travelers. Basically, there are many different factors that lead to their success today as a high-performance team, including sound team design, a high priority towards both external and internal communications, cohesive team decision making processes, creative innovations, and most importantly a high motivation among SIA staff.